Table 1.

Summary of studies that have investigated the neurotoxic effects of β-ketoamphetamines in vivo and in vitro

	Inflammation	Thermoregulation	Neurotransmitter depletion	Oxidative stress	Neurotransmitter transporters and receptors	Transendothelial dysfunction	Combinations
Methcathinone	n/a	[6, 7]	[8–11]	n/a	[8, 9, 12–15]	[15]	[16]
Mephedrone	[17–22]	[17–20, 23–27]	[7, 17–25, 28, 29]	[20, 30, 31]	[15, 24, 26, 30, 32–36]	[15]	[18, 19, 23, 30, 32, 37]
Methylone	[19, 38, 39]	[19, 24, 38–41]	[19, 24, 28, 38, 39]	n/a	[13, 15, 24, 33, 34, 42, 43]	[15]	[19, 43]
MDPV	[19]	[19, 40, 44–48]	[19, 45]	n/a	[15, 32, 33, 36, 49]	[15, 50]	[19, 32, 46, 51]