Table 3.
Mean (standard deviation) QoL scores overall by demographic and clinical characteristics (univariable analysis) of Study Participants at Virologic Failure
| General Health Perceptions (GHP) | Physical Functioning (PF) | Role Functioning (RF) | Social Functioning (SF) | Cognitive Functioning (CF) | Pain (P) |
Mental Health (MH) | Energy / Fatigue (E/F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 67 (21) | 91 (17) | 80 (30) | 91 (16) | 91 (16) | 83 (22) | 85 (15) | 80 (20) |
| Country | p<.001 | p<.001 | p<.001 | p<.001 | p<.001 | p<.001 | p<.001 | p<.001 |
| Brazil | 67 (32) | 84 (28) | 90 (17) | 89 (25) | 88 (17) | 84 (31) | 76 (23) | 74 (28) |
| India | 71 (15) | 86 (22) | 56 (33) | 87 (14) | 90 (13) | 76 (21) | 84 (11) | 81 (13) |
| Kenya | 72 (13) | 95 (13) | 96 (12) | 96 (11) | 95 (16) | 93 (13) | 89 (13) | 84 (16) |
| Malawi | 50 (24) | 91 (17) | 83 (28) | 86 (20) | 85 (20) | 76 (25) | 80 (20) | 69 (26) |
| Peru | 67 (23) | 90 (20) | 89 (22) | 89 (18) | 79 (34) | 91 (13) | 71 (21) | 66 (24) |
| South Africa | 74 (17) | 98 (8) | 98 (9) | 98 (10) | 98 (5) | 93 (16) | 90 (13) | 86 (17) |
| Tanzania | 82 (16) | 94 (13) | 90 (20) | 93 (18) | 85 (24) | 85 (26) | 86 (19) | 80 (20) |
| Thailand | 70 (15) | 98 (5) | 93 (19) | 97 (5) | 93 (12) | 92 (11) | 90 (10) | 93 (8) |
| Zimbabwe | 67 (20) | 95 (12) | 92 (18) | 98 (8) | 94 (9) | 86 (18) | 89 (12) | 86 (15) |
| Sex | p=0.223 | p=0.440 | p=0.020 | p=0.433 | p=0.806 | p=0.704 | p=0.062 | p=0.074 |
| Female | 66 (21) | 93 (14) | 84 (27) | 92 (16) | 91 (15) | 83 (21) | 86 (16) | 81 (21) |
| Male | 68 (20) | 90 (20) | 77 (32) | 91 (16) | 91 (16) | 83 (22) | 84 (15) | 79 (19) |
| HIV-1 RNA (copies/mL) | p<.001 | p<.001 | p<.001 | p=0.002 | p=0.033 | p<.001 | p=0.004 | p<.001 |
| <10,000 | 72 (18) | 94 (14) | 86 (27) | 94 (11) | 93 (13) | 87 (18) | 86 (14) | 84 (17) |
| 10,000–100,000 | 69 (18) | 94 (14) | 83 (28) | 92 (15) | 91 (16) | 85 (21) | 86 (14) | 81 (19) |
| >100,000 | 60 (24) | 86 (22) | 72 (33) | 87 (19) | 88 (17) | 77 (24) | 82 (16) | 75 (22) |
| CD4 (cells/mm3) | p<.001 | p=0.006 | p=0.393 | p=0.074 | p=0.030 | p=0.023 | p=0.002 | p=0.002 |
| <50 | 55 (24) | 87 (21) | 80 (28) | 86 (22) | 88 (18) | 78 (26) | 80 (18) | 72 (24) |
| 50–199 | 68 (19) | 91 (20) | 81 (30) | 93 (13) | 92 (15) | 84 (20) | 87 (14) | 81 (19) |
| 200–349 | 73 (16) | 96 (8) | 82 (29) | 93 (12) | 93 (16) | 87 (19) | 87 (14) | 83 (16) |
| ≥350 | 73 (17) | 93 (11) | 75 (33) | 93 (10) | 92 (12) | 81 (20) | 85 (12) | 83 (16) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | p<.001 | p<.001 | p<.001 | p<.001 | p<.001 | p<.001 | p=0.002 | p<.001 |
| <18 | 59 (24) | 80 (24) | 63 (31) | 82 (22) | 85 (18) | 71 (26) | 80 (16) | 72 (23) |
| 18–24 | 66 (21) | 91 (18) | 81 (29) | 91 (16) | 90 (16) | 83 (22) | 85 (15) | 79 (19) |
| 25–29 | 72 (16) | 96 (9) | 87 (27) | 95 (10) | 94 (13) | 87 (19) | 86 (14) | 83 (18) |
| ≥30 | 74 (16) | 95 (11) | 84 (31) | 95 (12) | 95 (10) | 87 (18) | 89 (13) | 85 (20) |
| History of AIDS | p=0.356 | p=0.068 | p=0.901 | p=0.931 | p=0.592 | p=0.568 | p=0.291 | p=0.009 |
| No | 68 (19) | 93 (14) | 80 (30) | 92 (15) | 91 (16) | 83 (22) | 85 (15) | 82 (18) |
| Yes | 65 (23) | 87 (24) | 81 (28) | 90 (18) | 91 (16) | 84 (22) | 84 (16) | 75 (23) |
| Number of comorbidities | p=0.002 | p<.001 | p<.001 | p<.001 | p=0.457 | p<.001 | p=0.081 | p=0.100 |
| 0 | 71 (19) | 93 (17) | 87 (24) | 94 (14) | 92 (16) | 87 (19) | 87 (14) | 82 (19) |
| 1 | 65 (23) | 91 (20) | 83 (29) | 91 (16) | 90 (17) | 85 (21) | 83 (17) | 78 (21) |
| 2 | 64 (22) | 93 (13) | 78 (32) | 91 (16) | 90 (17) | 81 (23) | 84 (15) | 80 (21) |
| ≥3 | 65 (18) | 88 (17) | 67 (33) | 87 (17) | 92 (12) | 74 (23) | 85 (15) | 79 (18) |
| Time on first-line ART (years) | p=0.188 | p=0.003 | p<.001 | p=0.007 | p=0.043 | p=0.001 | p=0.857 | p=0.143 |
| <4 | 69 (19) | 94 (13) | 86 (25) | 93 (14) | 93 (14) | 86 (21) | 85 (15) | 82 (18) |
| 4-<7 | 64 (22) | 90 (19) | 75 (33) | 88 (17) | 89 (18) | 78 (23) | 84 (16) | 78 (21) |
| ≥7 | 67 (21) | 88 (22) | 76 (31) | 92 (15) | 91 (15) | 85 (20) | 85 (16) | 78 (22) |
p-value: t-test from univariable linear regression model; ART: antiretroviral therapy; BMI: body mass index.