Table 1. Demographics, clinical, and DAT SPECT characteristics in the PD, RBD, Hyposmia, and non-PD mutation carrier groups.
| Variable | PD cohort (N = 423) |
RBD cohort (N = 39) |
Hyposmia cohort (N = 26) |
Non-PD mutation carriers (N = 126) |
Asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers (N = 88) |
Asymptomatic GBA mutation carriers (N = 38) |
p-value* for test of difference between groups) | p-value* for test of difference between LRRK2 and GBA groups only |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age Mean (SD; range) | 61.6 (9.7; 33–85) | 69.6 (5.5; 59–82) | 68.1 (6.2; 61–83) | 62.2 (7.3; 50–84) | 61.6 (7.1; 50–81) | 63.6 (7.5; 52–84) | < 0.0001 | 0.1578 |
| Sex Male N (%):Female N (%) | 277 (65): 146 (35) | 33 (85): 6 (15) | 18 (69): 8 (31) | 83 (66):43 (34) | 32 (36):56 (64) | 11 (29):27(71) | < 0.0001 | 0.4214 |
| Education | ||||||||
| < 13 yrs N(%): ≥13 years N (%) | 76 (18):347 (82) | 14 (36):25 (64) | 3 (12): 23 (88) | 26 (21):97 (77) | 23 (26):63 (72) | 3 (8):34 (89) | 0.0433 | 0.0341 |
| Number with Missing Data N (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (2) | 2 (2) | 1 (3) | ||
| Self-reported handedness | ||||||||
| Right or Mixed N(%):Left N(%) | 385 (91):38 (9) | 39 (100):0 (0) | 23 (88)3 (12) | 104 (83): 18 (14) | 73 (83): 12 (14) | 31 (82): 6 (16) | 0.1261 | 0.8729 |
| Number with Missing Data N (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 (3) | 3 (3) | 1 (3) | ||
| Geriatric Depression Scale-15 | ||||||||
| Mean (SD; range) | 2.3 (2.4; 0–14) | 2.8 (2.6;0–10) | 1.5 (1.5; 0–6) | 1.7 (2.1; 0–9) | 1.6 (2.0) | 1.9 (2.4; 0–9) | 0.0063 | 0.4126 |
| Number with Missing Data N (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 (5) | 5 (6) | 1 (3) | ||
| UPSIT (categorical) | ||||||||
| Normosmia N (%) | 39 (9) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 44 (35) | 27 (31) | 17 (45) | ||
| Hyposmia N (%) | 237 (56) | 18 (46) | 7 (27) | 80 (63) | 57 (65) | 18 (47) | < 0.0001 | 0.1722 |
| Anosmia N (%) | 147 (35) | 18 (46) | 19 (73) | 3 (2) | 2 (2) | 1 (3) | ||
| Number with Missing Data N (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | 4 (3) | 2 (2) | 2 (5) | ||
| REM sleep behavior disorder (score ≥ 5)** | ||||||||
| No N (%): Yes N (%) | 312 (74): 108 (26) | 4 (10): 34 (87) | 15 (58): 11 (42) | 92 (73): 23 (18) | 67 (76):16 (18) | 25 (66):7 (18) | < 0.0001 | 0.7104 |
| Number with Missing Data N (%) | 3 (1) | 1 (3) | 0 | 11 (9) | 5 (6) | 6 (16) | ||
| DAT binding deficit | ||||||||
| No N (%):Yes N(%) | 1 (0.2): 413 (98) | 3 (8): 36 (92) | 4 (15): 22 (85) | 83 (66): 18 (14) | 56 (64):16 (18) | 27 (71):2 (5) | < 0.0001 | 0.0332 |
| Number with Missing Data N (%)*** | 4 (1) | 0 | 0 | 25 (20) | 16 (18) | 9 (24) | ||
| Mean striatal specific binding ratio | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.4 (0.40;0–3) | 1.5 (0.39; 1–3) | 1.9 (0.40; 1–3) | 2.6 (0.50; 1–4) | 2.5 (0.49’ 2–4) | 2.7 (0.50; 1–4) | < 0.0001 | 0.0002 |
| Number with Missing Data N (%)*** | 4 (1) | 0 | 0 | 25 (20) | 16 (18) | 9 (24) |
*Generalized linear models were used to test for differences in continuous variables and a logistic regression model was used to test for differences in categorical variables
** The cutoff score indicative of possible RBD was ≥6 in the PD cohort[21] and ≥5 in all other cohorts[20]. Note that the diagnosis of RBD in the RBD group was based on interview and not necessarily RBDSQ score. Furthermore, it is likely the majority of individuals with RBD in the RBD group were being treated at the time of enrollment in PPMI/completion of this questionnaire.
***1 subject was enrolled but terminated study participation prior to undergoing DaTscan. 3 subjects were enrolled at sites in a country in which DaTscan is not available. These participants underwent AV-133 imaging to determine their eligibility for study participation