Table 3. Association of blood pressure control with demographic, biometric, pharmacologic and other factors.
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
| Age | ||||
| ≥ 18 - < 45 | Reference | < .0001 | Reference | < .0001 |
| ≥ 45 - < 65 | 0.511 (0.422–0.621) | 0.532 (0.411–0.690) | ||
| ≥ 65 | 0.391 (0.323–0.474) | 0.379 (0.285–0.505) | ||
| Sex | ||||
| male | Reference | < .0001 | Reference | < .0001 |
| female | 1.475 (1.315–1.654) | 1.424 (1.208–1.678) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||
| No | Reference | 0.0003 | Reference | 0.5734 |
| Yes | 0.807 (0.719–0.906) | 0.938 (0.799–1.101) | ||
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | ||||
| ≥ 60 | Reference | 0.0419 | Reference | 0.8034 |
| ≥ 45 - < 60 | 0.726 (0.621–0.849) | 0.962 (0.725–1.276) | ||
| ≥ 30 - < 45 | 0.790 (0.677–0.921) | 0.882 (0.722–1.078) | ||
| < 30 | 0.810 (0.649–1.010) | 0.791 (0.645–0.969) | ||
| Albuminuria (mg/g) | ||||
| < 30 | Reference | < .0001 | Reference | < .0001 |
| ≥ 30 - < 300 | 0.778 (0.680–0.891) | 0.735 (0.621–0.871) | ||
| ≥ 300 | 0.632 (0.552–0.725) | 0.488 (0.406–0.587) | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | Reference | 0.1975 | Reference | 0.7603 |
| Single | 1.323 (1.089–1.609) | 1.122 (0.862–1.459) | ||
| Separated/divorced | 1.144 (0.919–1.424) | 1.067 (0.808–1.409) | ||
| Widowed | 0.938 (0.751–1.172) | 0.939 (0.703–1.256) | ||
| Education level | ||||
| Low | Reference | 0.0018 | Reference | 0.7746 |
| Intermediate | 1.200 (1.053–1.367) | 1.064 (0.898–1.260) | ||
| High | 1.231 (1.053–1.440) | 1.011 (0.818–1.249) | ||
| other | 1.242 (0.835–1.849) | 0.950 (0.571–1.582) | ||
| Annual gross income | ||||
| < 25.000 € | Reference | < .0001 | Reference | 0.0134 |
| 25.000–50.000 € | 1.303 (1.129–1.503) | 1.273 (1.082–1.498) | ||
| 50.000–100.000 € | 1.373 (1.124–1.678) | 1.286 (1.011–1.636) | ||
| > 100.000 € | 1.653 (1.038–2.632) | 1.635 (0.968–2.762) | ||
| Insurance status | ||||
| Statutory | Reference | 0.5781 | Reference | 0.6973 |
| Private | 1.078 (0.865–1.342) | 1.081 (0.824–1.418) | ||
| unkown | 0.517 (0.047–5.709) | 0.616 (0.053–7.116) | ||
| Body mass index | ||||
| ≥18.5 - <25 | Reference | 0.0050 | Reference | 0.0716 |
| <18.5 | 2.490 (0.980–6.327) | 2.320 (0.723–7.451) | ||
| ≥25 - <30 | 0.742 (0.632–0.870) | 0.851 (0.693–1.045) | ||
| ≥30 | 0.789 (0.676–0.920) | 0.859 (0.696–1.060) | ||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Non smoker | Reference | 0.1296 | Reference | 0.7656 |
| Former smoker | 0.913 (0.808–1.030) | 1.296 (1.046–1.606) | ||
| Current smoker | 1.220 (1.034–1.439) | 1.041 (0.888–1.221) | ||
| Alcohol intake | ||||
| No or very little | Reference | 0.0007 | Reference | 0.9754 |
| Moderate or high | 0.781 (0.678–0.900) | 1.004 (0.837–1.204) | ||
| Cardivascular disease | ||||
| No | Reference | 0.2792 | Reference | 0.0042 |
| Yes | 0.937 (0.832–1.054) | 1.343 (1.093–1.650) | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | ||||
| No | Reference | 0.2248 | Reference | 0.5527 |
| Yes | 0.891 (0.740–1.073) | 0.924 (0.706–1.211) | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | ||||
| No | Reference | 0.0025 | Reference | 0.0072 |
| Yes | 0.746 (0.616–0.902) | 0.695 (0.529–0.912) | ||
| Antihypertensive Medication | ||||
| Reference* | Reference* | |||
| RAS inhibitors (ACEI, or ARB or RI) | 1.504 (1.295–1.747) | < .0001 | 1.617 (1.335–1.960) | < .0001 |
| Beta blocker | 0.903 (0.807–1.010) | 0.0745 | 0.963 (0.827–1.122) | 0.5326 |
| Ca channel blocker | 0.718 (0.640–0.804) | < .0001 | 0.892 (0.767–1.038) | 0.1374 |
| Vasodilator | 0.946 (0.721–1.241) | 0.6892 | 0.937 (0.664–1.324) | 0.7602 |
| Central Antiadrenergic | 0.529 (0.445–0.630) | < .0001 | 0.678 (0.542–0.848) | 0.0006 |
| Peripheral Antiadrenergic | 0.514 (0.406–0.651) | < .0001 | 0.614 (0.456–0.825) | 0.0013 |
| Diuretics (total) | 1.133 (1.010–1.270) | 0.0336 | 1.460 (1.245–1.712) | < .0001 |
Data indicate the odds ratio for a successful control of blood pressure among hypertensive patients. Ninety-five % confidence intervals (CI) are shown in brackets. The results of univariate analyses are shown in columns 2 and 3, and the results of the multivariate analysis in columns 4 and 5.
* indicates that for the antihypertensive medications, the Reference population comprised all hypertensive patients not treated with the respective antihypertensive drug class.