Table 3.
Developmental and behavioural predictors of averaged left and right upper limb outcomes
| Outcome | Predictors | B | SE | P | r2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Humeral size and cross-sectional parameters | |||||
| Humeral length (cm) | Constant | 23.8 | 4.0 | <0.001 | 0.129 |
| Birth weight (kgs) | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.041 | ||
| ln(Age at menarche) | 2.4 | 1.5 | 0.120 | ||
| Sport participation | −0.8 | 0.4 | 0.034 | ||
| ToA: Midshaft (mm2) | Constant | 110.4 | 89.6 | 0.221 | 0.260 |
| Birth weight (kgs) | 10.7 | 8.4 | 0.203 | ||
| ln(Age at menarche) | 66.5 | 33.8 | 0.053 | ||
| Sport participation | −39.7 | 8.5 | <0.001 | ||
| ln SSIp: Midshaft (mm3) | Constant | 6.3 | 0.4 | <0.001 | 0.313 |
| Birth weight (kgs) | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.225 | ||
| ln(Age at menarche) | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.120 | ||
| Sport participation | −0.2 | 0.04 | <0.001 | ||
| ln Imax: Midshaft (mm4) | Constant | 7.6 | 0.6 | <0.001 | 0.290 |
| Birth weight (kgs) | 0.1 | 0.06 | 0.119 | ||
| ln(Age at menarche) | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.049 | ||
| Sport participation | −0.3 | 0.06 | <0.001 | ||
| Upper arm soft tissue parameters (ln) | |||||
| Total Muscle Area: Midshaft (mm2) | Constant | 9.1 | 0.5 | <0.001 | 0.510 |
| Birth weight (kgs) | −0.07 | 0.05 | 0.169 | ||
| ln(Age at menarche) | −0.2 | 0.2 | 0.246 | ||
| Sport participation | −0.4 | 0.04 | <0.001 | ||
| Total Fat Area: Midshaft (mm2) | Constant | 11.3 | 1.1 | <0.001 | 0.242 |
| Birth weight (kgs) | 0.005 | 0.1 | 0.965 | ||
| ln(Age at menarche) | −1.5 | 0.4 | <0.001 | ||
| Sport participation | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.061 | ||
| Fat to Muscle Total Area Ratio: Midshaft standardized residuals | Constant | 8.1 | 2.5 | 0.002 | 0.257 |
| Birth weight | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.772 | ||
| ln(Age at menarche) | −3.5 | 0.9 | <0.001 | ||
| Sport participation | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.037 | ||
Values from the left and right upper limb were averaged prior to regression analyses; Birth weight was converted to kilograms for regression analyses in order to increase the size of the coefficients for easier interpretation; P values in bold indicate significant contribution to predictions at an alpha of <0.05.