Table 3.

Predictors of frailty in COPD patients: overall

Variable	Unfit vs fit (ref)
	OR	95% CI	P-value
Demographic characteristic
Age	1.07	(1.034–1.119)	<0.001c
Educational attainment
High school or above	0.45	(0.217–0.931)	0.031a
Middle school or below (ref)
Monthly income
≥16,305	0.63	(0.299–1.305)	0.211
≤16,304 (ref)
Smoking status
Ex-smoker	0.45	(0.182–1.129)	0.089
Smoker (ref)
Disease characteristics
Number of medications used	1.60	(1.141–2.250)	0.007b
CAT	1.21	(1.128–1.301)	<0.001c
Exacerbation	1.89	(1.031–3.459)	0.040a
Charlson Comorbidity Index
≥3	1.37	(0.417–4.512)	0.603
2	2.00	(0.706–5.512)	0.192
1 (ref)
Degree of respiratory tract obstruction
Severe or worse	1.39	(0.444–4.345)	0.572
Moderate	0.42	(0.157–1.107)	0.079
Mild (ref)
Depression	1.05	(0.988–1.116)	0.114

Notes: Univariate logistic regression (OR).

^aP<0.05.

^bP<0.01.

^cP<0.001.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; ref, reference group; CAT, COPD Assessment Test.