Table 3.
Weighted logistic regression for sleep debt by demographic factors
| Participant Characteristics (n = 8752) |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Age (ref = 18-39) |
||||||
| 40-64 | 0.76* | 0.65 – 0.88 | 0.76* | 0.65 – 0.88 | 0.71** | 0.62 – 0.82 |
| >64 | 0.50** | 0.40 – 0.63 | 0.50** | 0.40 – 0.63 | 0.45** | 0.36 – 0.56 |
| Sex (ref = Male) |
||||||
| Female | 1.41** | 1.25 – 1.59 | 1.41 ** | 1.25 – 1.58 | 1.43** | 1.27 – 1.60 |
| Race × Income † (ref = White, Not Poor)† |
||||||
| White, Poor | 1.11 | 0.90 – 1.37 | - | - | - | - |
| AA, Not Poor | 1.19 | 0.99 – 1.42 | - | - | - | - |
| AA, Poor | 1.14 | 0.90 – 1.45 | - | - | - | - |
| Latino, Not Poor | 1.55* | 1.10 – 2.19 | - | - | - | - |
| Latino, Poor | 1.32 | 0.88 – 1.98 | - | - | - | - |
| Race † (ref = White [Non-Latino])† |
||||||
| Black (Non-Latino) | - | - | 1.14 | 0.98 – 1.33 | - | - |
| Latino | - | - | 1.39* | 1.05 – 1.82 | - | - |
| Race † (ref = Non-Latino)† |
||||||
| Latino | - | - | - | - | 1.32* | 1.00 – 1.73 |
| Income † (ref = Above 2× Poverty) |
||||||
| Below 2× Poverty | - | - | 1.03 | 0.87 – 1.22 | - | - |
| Education (ref = < HS grad) |
||||||
| HS graduate | 1.03 | 0.79 – 1.34 | 1.04 | 0.80 – 1.36 | - | - |
| Some college | 1.17 | 0.88 – 1.54 | 1.19 | 0.89 – 1.57 | - | - |
| College graduate | 1.23 | 0.93 – 1.64 | 1.25 | 0.94 – 1.66 | - | - |
| Post college | 1.12 | 0.83 – 1.51 | 1.14 | 0.85 – 1.53 | - | - |
| Employment (ref = Employed) |
||||||
| Unemployed | 0.85 | 0.69 – 1.04 | 0.85 | 0.69 – 1.04 | 0.87 | 0.72 – 1.06 |
| Retired | 0.62** | 0.51 – 0.75 | 0.62** | 0.51 – 0.75 | 0.61** | 0.51 – 0.74 |
| Disabled | 0.92 | 0.71 – 1.18 | 0.92 | 0.71 – 1.18 | 0.90 | 0.70 – 1.15 |
| Marital Status (ref = Married) |
||||||
| Living with partner | 1.16 | 0.90 – 1.51 | 1.16 | 0.89 – 1.51 | - | - |
| Single | 1.14 | 0.97 – 1.35 | 1.15 | 0.97 – 1.35 | - | - |
| Widow | 0.94 | 0.76 – 1.16 | 0.94 | 0.77 – 1.16 | - | - |
| Other | 1.08 | 0.89 – 1.32 | 1.09 | 0.90 – 1.32 | - | - |
| Sleep Quality (ref = 1 – Restless) |
||||||
| Restful | 0.19** | 0.14 – 0.24 | 0.18** | 0.14 – 0.24 | 0.19** | 0.15 – 0.24 |
| General Health (ref = Excellent) |
||||||
| Good | 1.28* | 1.12 – 1.46 | 1.28* | 1.12 – 1.46 | 1.28* | 1.12 – 1.45 |
| Fair | 1.46* | 1.20 – 1.78 | 1.46* | 1.20 – 1.78 | 1.47** | 1.22 – 1.77 |
| Poor | 1.27 | 0.92 – 1.74 | 1.27 | 0.92 – 1.74 | 1.26 | 0.92 – 1.72 |
| Mental Illness (ref = Absent) |
||||||
| Present | 1.34* | 1.15 – 1.57 | 1.34* | 1.15 – 1.57 | 1.34* | 1.15 – 1.57 |
| BMI (ref = <25) |
||||||
| 25-30 | 0.94 | 0.82 – 1.08 | 0.94 | 0.83 – 1.08 | - | - |
| >30 | 0.96 | 0.83 – 1.11 | 0.96 | 0.83 – 1.08 | - | - |
| Stress Levels (ref = Low [1-2]) |
||||||
| Mild (3-4) | 1.41* | 1.18 – 1.70 | 1.42* | 1.18 – 1.70 | 1.40* | 1.17 – 1.68 |
| Moderate (5-6) | 1.79** | 1.50 – 2.13 | 1.79** | 1.50 – 2.13 | 1.76** | 1.48 – 2.10 |
| High (7-8) | 2.77** | 2.29 – 3.34 | 2.77** | 2.29 – 3.34 | 2.73** | 2.26 – 3.30 |
| Very high (9-10) | 2.86** | 2.28 – 3.59 | 2.88** | 2.29 – 3.61 | 2.86** | 2.28 – 3.58 |
| Smoking (ref = No) |
||||||
| Yes | 0.85* | 0.73 – 0.99 | 0.85* | 0.73 – 1.00 | 0.85* | 0.74 – 0.99 |
| Children (ref = No children) |
||||||
| ≥1 children | 1.22* | 1.06 – 1.39 | 1.21* | 1.06 – 1.39 | 1.19* | 1.05 – 1.36 |
*
= p < 0.05
**
= p < 0.0001
†
= Race × Income interaction variable used in Model 1; separate Race and Income variables used in Models 2 and 3