TABLE 1.

Independent Variables

Variable	Description of variable	No. items (α or r)
Risk factors
Family substance use	Live with anyone who drinks too much alcohol, uses illegal drugs, or abuses prescription drugs (yes vs. no)	2
Physical health problem	Physical disability or long-term health problem lasting 6 months or more (yes vs. no)	1
Mental health problem	Mental health, behavioral, or emotional problems lasting 6 months or more (yes vs. no)	1
Positive screen for depression	On a 4-point scale, over the past two weeks, how often been bothered by little interest or pleasure in doing things; feeling down, depressed, or hopeless (summed score ranges from 0–6, dichotomized at validated cut-point of 3 vs. less than 3a)	2
Physical or sexual abuse	Parent or other adults at home ever hit, kicked, or physically hurt you; any adult or person outside of family ever touched you sexually or forced you to touch them sexually; or any older or stronger family member ever touched you or had you touch them sexually (yes vs. no)	3
Relationship violence	Boy/girlfriend in a dating or serious relationship ever called you names or put you down verbally; or hit, slapped, or physically hurt you on purpose (yes vs. no)	2
Witness to family violence	Parents or other adults in your home ever slapped, hit, kicked, punched, or beat each other up (yes vs. no)	1
Bullying victim	On a 5-point scale, during the last 30 days, how many times students at school pushed, shoved, slapped, hit, or kicked you when weren’t kidding around; threatened to beat you up; spread mean rumors or lies about you; or excluded you from friends, other students, or activities (dichotomized to never vs. once or more)	4
Teasing victim	On a 5-point scale, during the last 30 days, how often students harassed or bullied you because of your gender or gender expression (dichotomized to never vs. once or more)	2
Protective factors
Parent connectedness	Can talk to father/mother about problems; how much feel parents care about you	3 (α= .65)b
Connectedness to other adults	On a 5-point scale, how much feel other adult relatives and adults in your community care about you	2 (r = .54)c
Friend caring	On a 5-point scale, how much feel friends care about you	1
Sport participation	On a 5-point scale, during a typical week, how often participate in sports teams	1
Involvement in other school activities	On a 5-point scale, during a typical week, how often participate in schools sponsored activities or clubs that are not sports	1
Religious activities	On a 5-point scale, during a typical week, how often participation in religious activities	1
Physical activity	During the last 7 days, on how many days physically active for a total of at least 60 minutes per day	1
School engagement	On a 4-point scale, how often care about doing well in school, paying attention in class, or going to class unprepared; how much agree if something interests me, I try to learn more, I think things I learn at school are useful, being a student is one of the most important parts of who I am	6 (α= .67)b
School plans – college	Main thing plan to do right after high school (dichotomized to no college vs. college)	1
Academic achievement	Describe grades in school this year (dichotomized to mostly Cs or less vs. mostly As and Bs)	1
Teacher/school adult relationships	On a 4-point scale, how much agree adults at school treat students fairly, adults at school listen to students, school rules are fair, teachers at my school care about students, most teachers at school are interested in me as a person; how much feel teachers/other adults at school care about you	6 (α= .86)b
School safety	On a 4-point scale, feel safe at school	1
Neighborhood safety	On a 4-point scale, feel safe going to and from school, and feel safe in my neighborhood	2 (r = .53)c
Health-risk behaviors
Run away from home	On a 5-point scale, during the last 12 months, how often ran away from home (dichotomized to 0 times vs. 1 or more times)	1
Bullying perpetrator	On a 5-point scale, during the last 30 days, how many times at school you pushed, shoved, slapped, hit, or kicked someone when weren’t kidding around; threatened to beat someone up; spread mean rumors or lies about someone; or excluded someone from friends, other students, or activities (dichotomized to never vs. once or more)	4
Violence perpetrator	On a 5-point scale, during the last 12 months, how often hit or beat up another person (dichotomized to never vs. once or more)	1
Skipped school	On a 5-point scale, during the last 30 days times skipped or cut a full day of school or classes (dichotomized to none vs. once or more times)	1
Cigarette smoking	On a 6-point scale, during the last 30 days, on how many days smoke a cigarette (dichotomized to 0 days vs. 1 or more days)	1
Alcohol use	On a 7-point scale, during the last 30 days, on how many days drank one or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage (dichotomized to 0 days vs. 1 or more days)	1
Binge drinking	On a 7-point scale, during the past 30 days, on how many days had 5 or more drinks of alcohol in a row (dichotomized to 0 days vs. 1 or more days)	1
Prescription drug misuse	On a 6-point scale, during the last 12 months, on how many occasions used stimulants, ADHD/ADD drugs, pain killers, or tranquilizers that were not prescribed for you or you took only to get high (dichotomized to 0 times vs. 1 or more times)	4
Illegal drug use	On a 6-point scale, during the last 12 months, on how many occasions used LSD/PCP, MDMA, cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine (dichotomized to 0 times vs. 1 or more times)	5
Multiple sexual partners	During the last 12 months, with how many different male/female partners had sexual intercourse (dichotomized to less than 3 partners vs. 3 or more partners)	2

Note.

^aPHQ-2 cut-point supported by previous research (Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2003).

^bCronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to assess internal consistency.

^cPearson’s correlation coefficient was used to assess the strength of the relationship between two variables.