TABLE 5.
Odds Ratios, 98.34% Confidence Intervals, and Effect Sizes from Final Logistic Regression Analyses
| NSSI only vs. no self-harm | d | NSSI + SA vs. no self-harm | d | NSSI + SA vs. NSSI Only | d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factors | ||||||
| Family substance use | – | – | – | |||
| Physical health problem | – | – | – | |||
| Mental health problem | 2.82 (1.99, 3.99)** | .84 | 6.36 (3.39, 11.92)** | 1.61 | 2.53 (1.40, 4.57)** | .75 |
| Positive screen for depression | 2.55 (1.82, 3.59)** | .76 | 2.70 (1.53, 4.78)** | .80 | – | |
| Physical or sexual abuse | 1.35 (0.92, 1.99) | .24 | 1.89 (1.08, 3.29)* | .50 | 1.43 (0.93, 2.19) | .28 |
| Relationship violence | – | 1.91 (1.02, 3.57)* | .51 | 1.88 (1.17, 3.01)* | .50 | |
| Witness to family violence | – | – | – | |||
| Bullying victim | – | 2.19 (1.17, 4.11)* | .63 | 1.66 (1.02, 2.70)* | .40 | |
| Teasing victim | 1.42 (1.01, 2.00)* | .28 | 1.37 (0.77, 2.43) | .25 | – | |
| Protective factors | ||||||
| a Parent connectedness | 0.77 (0.32, 1.88) | .21 | 0.37 (0.10, 1.36) | .80 | 0.18 (0.07, 0.46)** | 1.47 |
| a Connectedness to other adults | 0.47 (0.22, 1.00) | .60 | 0.21 (0.06, 0.71)* | 1.32 | – | |
| a Friend caring | – | – | – | |||
| a Sport participation | – | – | – | |||
| a Involvement in other school activities | – | – | – | |||
| a Religious activities | – | – | – | |||
| a Physical activity | – | – | 1.61 (0.83, 3.12) | .38 | ||
| a School engagement | 0.40 (0.12, 1.30) | .74 | – | – | ||
| School plans (college plans) | – | – | – | |||
| Academic achievement (A/B grades) | – | 0.56 (0.32, 0.98)* | .46 | 0.58 (0.38, 0.90)* | .43 | |
| a Teachers/school adult relationships | – | – | – | |||
| a School safety | – | 0.59 (0.22, 1.66) | .42 | 0.30 (0.13, 0.68)** | .99 | |
| a Neighborhood safety | – | – | – | |||
| Health-risk behaviors | ||||||
| Run away from home | 2.00 (1.09, 3.68)* | .55 | 5.46 (2.60, 11.50)** | 1.46 | 1.93 (1.18, 3.16)* | .52 |
| Bullying perpetrator | 1.03 (0.71, 1.52) | .02 | – | – | ||
| Violence perpetrator | – | – | – | |||
| Skipped school | – | – | – | |||
| Cigarette smoking | – | – | – | |||
| Alcohol use | 2.26 (1.44, 3.54)** | .65 | – | – | ||
| Binge drinking | – | – | – | |||
| Marijuana use | – | 4.42 (2.35, 8.29)** | 1.25 | – | ||
| Prescription drug misuse | – | – | – | |||
| Illegal drug use | – | – | – | |||
| Multiple sexual partners | – | – | – | |||
Note. All variables were entered simultaneously, and all models controlled for biological sex, grade, race/ethnicity (white vs. non-white), free/reduced-price lunch, and school location.
Missing values were not statistically significant in preliminary analyses for Stages 1 and/or 2.
For non-dichotomous variables and multi-item scales, odds ratios represent the odds of reporting NSSI only or NSSI + SA, depending on the model, for those at the highest end of the scale when compared with those at the lowest end of the scale.
Effect sizes reflect Cohen’s d (small = .20, medium = .50, large = .80).
p < .0166 (Bonferroni adjustment was α = .05/3 = .0166);
p ≤ .001. Bolded results were significant.