Table 4.

Anti-liver cancer cells activities of artemisinins

Compounds	Effect	Event/mechanism	References
DHA	Induced cell cycle arrest Induced apoptosis	Induced p21, inhibited cyclin B and CDC25C, depolarized mitochondrial membrane, released cytochrome c, activated caspase 9 and caspase 3, decreased Mcl-1 expression and increased the levels of Noxa and active Bak	[62]
DHA	Induced apoptosis	Reduced mitochondria membrane potential, released cytochrome c into cytoplasm, increased p53 and Bak, decreased Mcl-1, Ki-67 and p-ERK, activated caspase 3 and PARP	[95]
ART	Inhibited tumor cell invasion and metastasis	Down-regulated the protein levels of MMP2, activated Cdc42 by activating E-cadherin activity, improved cell–cell adhersion	[96]
ART, AS, ATM, DHA	Cytotoxic activity	Increased the expression of MDR1, MRP2 and MRP3	[97]