Table 7.
Compounds | Effect | Event/mechanism | References |
---|---|---|---|
ART | Inhibited proliferation | Up-regulated p53, induce p27kip1 andp21kip1 | [20] |
AS | Inhibited proliferation Induced apoptosis |
Reduced COX-2 expression, increased the expression of Bax and suppressed the expression of Bcl-2, activated caspase-3 and caspase-9, induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential | [38] |
AS | Inhibited cell growth | Induced calcium overload, down-regulated VEGF expression, up-regulated calpain-2 expression, produced a dose-dependent tumor regression | [38] |
DHA | Inhibited proliferation Suppressed colony forming abilities Induced cellular senescence Induced cell cycle arrest Hindered the migration and invasion Induced apoptosis |
Suppressed the expressions of PCNA, cyclin E, and cyclin D1, and up-regulated p21 and p27, down-regulated MMP-9 and MMP-2, suppressed Bcl-2, activated caspase-9 and PARP, increased miR-15b and miR-16 expression | [110] |
DHA | Induced apoptosis | Up-regulated Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and -9 expressions, degraded form of PARP, downregulated the Bcl-2 expression and Bcl-2/Bax ratio, increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK | [111] |
ATM | Cytotoxic genotoxic effects |
Induced both apoptosis and necrosis | [112] |