Table 1.

Secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities in mycorrhizal food plants.

Plant species	Variety or cultivar	AMF species	Measured metabolites/antioxidant activity assay method	Effect of AMF inoculation	References
(A) GREENHOUSE OR MESOCOSM EXPERIMENTS
Solanum lycopersicum L.
	F1 Hybrid, GS-15	Mix of: Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum (Soil and Water Institute of Iran)	Lycopene (FW) DPPHa	Increased concentration Increased activity	Ordookhani et al., 2010
	Guadalete	Mix of: Glomus mosseae, Glomus caledonium, Glomus viscosum, Glomus intraradices, Glomus coronatum	Lycopene and β-carotene Lutein Ascorbic acid	No effect No effect Decreased concentration	Copetta et al., 2011
	Moneymaker	Glomus intraradices IMA6	Lycopene (FW) Total phenols (FW) Ascorbic acid (FW) Glutathione (FW) ABTSb (FW)	Increased concentration No effect No effect No effect No effect	Giovannetti et al., 2012
	Nemo-Netta	Glomus mosseae (Biocult Ltd., South Africa)	Lycopene (FW) Total flavonoids (FW) Ascorbic acid (FW) ABTS	Increased concentration, only at late inoculation time No effect No effect No effect	Nzanza et al., 2012b
	Moneymaker	Funneliformis mosseae BEG12 and/or Rhizophagus irregularis BB-E (Agrauxine, F)	Lycopene (FW)	Mixed inoculation: no effect; single isolate inoculation: increased concentration	Hart et al., 2015
			β-carotene and total carotenoids (FW)	Mixed inoculation: increased concentration; single isolate inoculation: no effect
			29 Odor-active volatile compounds	Distinct phytochemical profiles, but variable quantitative effects
	Komeett	Rhizophagus irregularis (Premier Tech Inc., Canada)	DPPH (DW) Vitamins B1, B3, B5, B6, ascorbic acid (FW) Vitamin B6, ascorbic acid (DW) Total carotenoids (DW)	No effect No effect Decreased concentration Increased concentration	Hart et al., 2015
Capsicum annuum L.
	San Luis	Glomus fasciculatum or Mix1 (Glomus constrictum, Glomus geosporum, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus tortuosum) or Mix2 (Glomus aggregatum, Glomus deserticola, Glomus geosporum, Glomus microaggregatum, Sclerocystis coremioides)	Carotenes Xanthophylls Capsaicinoids	Increased concentration by Mix2 Increased concentration by Mix2 No effect	Mena-Violante et al., 2006
	Cacho de cabra	Glomus intraradices (commercial) Glomus claroideum (native)	Ascorbic acid (FW)	Increased concentration (native), no effect (commercial)	Castillo et al., 2009
Fragaria x ananassa Duch.
	Aromas	Glomus intraradices (Premier Tech Biotechnologies Company, Canada)	Total phenols (DW) p-coumaric acid (DW) Gallic, ferulic, ellagic acids (DW) Cyanidin-3-glucoside (DW) Pelargonidin-3-glucoside (DW) Quercetin and kaempferol (DW) Catechin (DW)	No effect Increased concentration at intermediate N No effect or decreased concentration depending on N concentration Increased concentration at intermediate N No effect Increased concentration at intermediate N No effect	Castellanos Morales et al., 2010
	Selva	Mix (Mybasol, Italy)	Pelargonidin 3-glucoside, Pelargonidin 3-rutinoside and pelargonidin malonyl glucoside (FW) Pelargonidin acetyl glucoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside (FW) Total pelargonidins (FW)	Increased concentration No effect Increased concentration	Lingua et al., 2013
	Selva	Mix of: Rhizophagus intraradices, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus viscosum, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Claroideoglomus claroideum (Mybasol)	Ascorbic acid (FW) Folate (FW)	Increased concentration No effect	Bona et al., 2015
	Fortuna Sabrina Splendor	Glomus iranicum var. tenuihypharum (Mycogrowth®, Spain)	Total phenols and Anthocyanins (FW) Ascorbic acid (FW) Total phenols, anthocyanins and ascorbic acid (FW) Total phenols and Ascorbic acid (FW) Anthocyanins (FW)	Increased concentration at early inoculation No effect No effect No effect Decreased concentration	Cecatto et al., 2016
Lactuca sativa L.
	var. capitata, Batavia Rubia Munguía var. capitata, Maravilla de Verano	Glomus fasciculatum	Carotenoids (FW) Total phenols and ascorbic acid (FW) Anthocyanins (FW) Carotenoids, total phenols and ascorbic acid (FW) Anthocyanins (FW)	Increased concentration depending on leaf position No effect Increased concentration No effect Increased concentration	Baslam et al., 2011
	var. longifolia, Cogollos de Tudela	Glomus fasciculatum or Mix of: Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae (Atens, Spain)	Carotenoids (FW) Total phenols (FW) Anthocyanins (FW) Ascorbic acid (FW)	No effect Increased concentration in outer leaves Increased concentration in inner leaves Increased concentration in inner leaves by G. fasciculatum
	Batavia Rubia Munguía	Mix of: Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae (Atens)	Carotenoids (FW) Total phenols (FW) Anthocyanins (FW) Ascorbic acid (FW)	Decreased concentration in autumn in inner leaves and increased in spring No effect Increased concentration in winter and spring in inner leaves Increased concentration in winter and spring in outer leaves	Baslam et al., 2013
	Maravilla de Verano		Carotenoids (FW) Total phenols (FW) Anthocyanins (FW) Ascorbic acid (FW)	Increased concentration in winter and spring in inner leaves No effect Increased concentration in winter in outer leaves and spring in inner leaves No effect
	Batavia Rubia Munguía and Maravilla de Verano	Mix of: Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae (Atens)	Total carotenoids (DW)	Increased concentration in Batavia Rubia Munguía	Goicoechea et al., 2015
			Epidermal flavonols Anthocyanins (by optical monitoring) Soluble phenols (DW) DPPH (DW)	Decreased levels in Batavia Rubia Munguía No effect No effect Increased activity in Batavia Rubia Munguía, decreased in Maravilla de Verano
	not available	Rhizophagus intraradices	Superoxide dismutase and catalase Ascorbate peroxidase Glutathione reductase Total carotenoids (FW)	Increased activity Reduced activity No effect Increased concentration	Durán et al., 2016
	var. crispa Eluarde and Panisse	Funneliformis mosseae AZ225C or Rhizoglomus irregulare IMA6 (formerly Glomus intraradices)	ORACc (FW) Total phenolics (FW) Total anthocyanins (FW) (only Eluarde)	Increased activity Increased concentrations with IMA6 Increased concentrations	Avio et al., 2017
Ocimum basilicum L.
	Genovese	Glomus mosseae BEG 12, or Gigaspora margarita BEG 34, or Gigaspora rosea BEG 9	Essential oils (13 terpenoids and 2 phenolic compounds)	Variable depending on AMF and compound	Copetta et al., 2006, 2007
	Genovese Italian and Purple Petra	Glomus intraradices (Native Plants Incorporated, USA)	Total anthocyanins (FW) Total phenolics and phenolic acids (FW)	Increased concentration in Purple Petra No effect	Lee and Scagel, 2009
	not available	Glomus fasciculatum or Glomus etunicatum or Glomus intraradices	Total essential oils (DW)	Increased concentration and distinct phytochemical profiles	Rasouli-Sadaghiani et al., 2010
	Cinnamon, Siam Queen, Sweet Dani and Red Rubin	Rhizophagus intraradices (Native Plants Incorporated)	Total anthocyanins (FW) Total phenolics (FW) Phenolic acids (FW) Total flavonoids (FW)	Increased concentration in Red Rubin No effect Increased concentration No effect	Scagel and Lee, 2012
	Tigullio and Dark Opal	Rhizoglomus irregulare IMA6 (formerly Glomus intraradices)	ABTS (DW) Total carotenoids (DW) Total phenolics (DW) Anthocyanins (DW) (Dark Opal) Rosmarinic acid (DW)	No effect Decreased concentration No effect Decreased concentration Decreased concentration	Battini et al., 2016b
Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus
	Terom	Glomus mosseae AZ 225C and/or Glomus intraradices IMA6	Total phenolics (FW) and DPPH	Increased concentration and activity with dual inoculation and G.intraradices	Ceccarelli et al., 2010
Allium cepa L.
	Centurion	Mix of: Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, Glomus claroideum, Glomus microaggregatum (Plantworks, UK)	Organosulfur compounds (as total pyruvic acid) and total phenolics (DW) Quercetin monoglycoside (DW) Quercetin diglycoside (DW) ABTS and ESRd (DW)	No effect Increased concentration when ${\text{NO}}_3^{-}$-N predominant No effect Increased activity when ${\text{NO}}_3^{-}$-N predominant	Perner et al., 2008
	Nasik red N-53	Mix of: Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae	Total phenolics (FW)	Increased concentration	Lone et al., 2015
	Alice	Mix of: Glomus etunicatum, Glomus microaggregatum, Glomus intraradices, Glomus claroideum, Glomus mosseae, Glomus geosporum (Symbivit, Czech Rep.) or Glomus intraradices BEG140	FRAPe Ascorbic acid (FW)	Increased activity with Mix No effect	Albrechtova et al., 2012
	Stuttgarter Riesen	Mix of: Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus irregularis (INOQ, Germany)	Quercetin-diglucoside and quercetin-monoglucoside Isorhamnetin-glucoside	Increased concentration at high inoculation amount and when ${\text{NH}}_4^{+}$-N predominant No effect	Mollavali et al., 2018
Ipomea batatas L.
	not available	Glomus intraradices (IFP Glintra, INOQ) and/or Glomus mosseae (IFP Glm, INOQ)	β-carotene (DW)	Increased concentration	Tong et al., 2013
(B) FIELD EXPERIMENTS
Solanum lycopersicum L.
	PKM-1	Glomus intraradices # TNAU 120-02	Ascorbic acid (FW)	Increased concentration	Subramanian et al., 2006
	Vitella F1	Glomus sp. (Amykor, Germany)	Lycopene (FW) β-carotene and Total phenols (FW)	Increased concentration Increased concentration, under organic management	Ulrichs et al., 2008
	Nemo-Netta	Glomus mosseae (Biocult Ltd., South Africa)	Ascorbic acid (FW)	Increased concentration	Nzanza et al., 2012a
	TC 2000	Mix of: Rhizophagus intraradices, Glomus aggregatum, Glomus viscosum, Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Claroideoglomus claroideum (Mybasol, Italy)	Lycopene β-carotene (FW) Ascorbic acid (FW)	No effect No effect Decreased concentration	Bona et al., 2017
	Perfect Peel, Roma, Rio Grande	Mix of: Rhizoglomus irregulare IMA6 (formerly Glomus intraradices), Funneliformis mosseae IMA1	Lycopene (FW)	No effect	Njeru et al., 2017
Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus
	Terom	Glomus mosseae AZ 225C and/or Glomus intraradices IMA6	Total phenolics (FW) DPPH	Increased concentration Increased activity, only with dual inoculation in the second year	Ceccarelli et al., 2010
	Romanesco' type cv. C3	Mix of: Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices (Italpollina, Italy) (Aeg) or Glomus intraradices (Tecnologiás Naturales Internacional, Mexico) (End)	ABTS (DW) Total phenolics (DW)	No effect Increased concentration with End; variation in phenolic acids and flavonoid profiles	Palermo et al., 2013
	Violetto di Sicilia	Glomus viscosum (syn. Septoglomus viscosum)	Caffeoylquinic acids, apigenin and luteolin (DW)	Increased concentration in receptacles, compared to traditional vegetative reproduced plants	Pandino et al., 2017
	Romolo and Istar	Mix of: Rhizophagus intraradices BEG72, Funneliformis mosseae (Italpollina, Italy)	Total phenolics (DW) ABTS (DW) DPPH (DW)	Increased concentration in primary heads, decreased in secondary heads Increased activities Increased activities in primary heads, no effect or reduced activity in secondary heads depending on cultivar	Rouphael et al., 2017
Allium cepa L.
	Hyskin	Vaminoc (MicroBio, UK) or Glomus intraradices BEG87	Quercetin (FW)	No effect	Mogren et al., 2007
Ipomea batatas L.
	Hongxin	Glomus etunicatum BEG 168, Glomus etunicatum HB-Bd45-Gsp4, Glomus intraradices BEG 141, and a mix of them (M3); Glomus mosseae BEG 167, a mix of M3 and BEG 167 (M4); mix of : Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae (Biorize, France)	Carotene	No effect	Farmer et al., 2007

Data are reported on a fresh weight (FW) or dry weight (DW) basis; where unspecified, no information was available. The binomial nomenclature of AMF reported in the quoted papers has been maintained.

^aDPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay;

^bABTS, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay;

^cORAC, oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay;

^dESR, electron spin resonance spectroscopy;

^eFRAP, ferric reducing ability of plasma assay.