Table 2.
Genes involved in the biosynthesis of health-promoting secondary metabolites, which are upregulated in above- or belowground cell tissues of mycorrhizal food plants.
| Plant | Effective AMF | Plant tissue | Assay method | Upregulated gene/enzyme family | Involved pathway | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrus sinensis | Glomus versiforme (BGC HUN02B) | Leaves | RNA-Seq | 12-oxophytodienoate reductase Acyl-CoA oxidase Enoyl-CoA hydratase Jasmonate O-methyltransferase Linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase OPC-8:CoA ligase |
Secondary metabolites biosynthesis | Gao et al., 2016 |
| Cucumis sativus | Funneliformis mosseae | Leaves | RT-qPCR | Caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase-like protein Cytochrome P450 C4H cinnamate-4-hydroxylase Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase |
Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis | Chen et al., 2013 |
| Cucumis sativus | Rhizophagus irregularis (PH5, formerly Glomus intraradices) | Roots | RNA-Seq | Allene oxide synthase 1 Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (6-like) Cytochrome P450 (734A6-like) Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase |
Secondary metabolites biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Diterpenoid biosynthesis |
Ma et al., 2018 |
| Glycine max | Rhizophagus irregularis (49, formerly Glomus intraradices) | Roots | Microarray | 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP 701) Geranylgeranyl diphosphate or pyrophosphate synthase Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase Gibberellin 3-beta (20)-dioxygenase Isoflavone-O-methyltransferase Trihydroxyisoflavanone-O-methyltransferase Tropinone reductase |
Carotenoid biosynthesis Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis Diterpenoid biosynthesis Diterpenoid biosynthesis Isoflavonoid biosynthesis Isoflavonoid biosynthesis Alkaloids biosynthesis |
Schaarschmidt et al., 2013 |
| Cytochrome p450 (CYP93A-like) Ent-kaurene oxidase cyp701a5 Flavanone 3-hydroxylase Flavonoid glucosyltransferase Flavonoid peroxidase 1 Geraniol 8-hydroxylase-like Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase Gibberellin 3-beta (20)-dioxygenase Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase Hyoscyamine 6-dioxygenase Isoleucine N-monooxygenase Pelargonidin 3-o-(6-caffeoylglucoside) 5-o-(6-o-malonylglucoside) 4-malonyltransferase-like Shikimate o-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase-likeTetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase-like Tropinone reductase homolog Valine N-monooxygenase (CYP79D1-2) Zeatin-O-xylosyltransferase-like |
Isoflavonoid biosynthesis Diterpenoid biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis Monoterpenoid biosynthesis Diterpenoid biosynthesis Diterpenoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Alkaloid biosynthesis Glucosinolate biosynthesis Anthocyanin biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis Cannabinoid biosynthesis Alkaloids biosynthesis Glucosinolate biosynthesis Secondary metabolites biosynthesis |
Vangelisti et al., 2018 | ||||
| Litchi chinensis | native AMF community | Roots | RNA-Seq | Anthocyanidin reductase Bifunctional dihydroflavonol 4-reductase/flavanone 4-reductase Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 7 Chalcone synthase Coumarate-CoA ligase 2 Cytochrome P450 (CYP73A) Flavanone 3-dioxygenase Flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase Leucoanthocyanidin reductase Naringenin,2-oxoglutarate 3-dioxygenase Peroxidase 53 Tropinone reductase |
Flavonoid biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis Flavonoid, flavone, flavonol biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Alkaloid biosynthesis |
Shu et al., 2016 |
| Ocimum basilicum | Rhizoglomus irregulare (IMA6, formerly Glomus intraradices) | Leaves | RT-qPCR | Tyrosine amino-transferase | Tyrosine metabolism | Battini et al., 2016a |
| Oryza sativa | Glomus intraradices (DAOM197198) | Leaves | Macroarray | Ascorbate peroxidase (APX8) Cytochrome P450 Dehydroascorbate reductase Squalene monooxygenase |
Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism Secondary metabolites biosynthesis |
Campos-Soriano et al., 2012 |
| Rhizophagus irregularis (DAOM197198) | Roots | RNA-Seq | Anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase cytochrome P450 Ent-kaurene synthase Flavonol synthase/flavanone 3-hydroxylase Laccase precursor protein Mannose-6-phosphate isomerase Oxidoreductase, aldo/keto reductase family protein Phytoene synthase Terpene synthase |
Anthocyanin biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Diterpenoid biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism Retinoic acid biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis Diterpenoid biosynthesis |
Fiorilli et al., 2015 | |
| Glomus intraradices | Roots | Microarray | Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 4-coumarate CoA ligase Cycloartenol synthase Cytochrome p450 Flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase |
Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Secondary metabolites biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis |
Güimil et al., 2005 | |
| Rhizophagus irregularis | Roots | Microarray | 4-coumarate-CoA ligase Caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase p-coumaroyl-CoA:caffeoyl-CoA 3-hydroxylase |
Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Diterpenoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis |
Gutjahr et al., 2015 | |
| Pisum sativum | Glomus mosseae (BB-E-Sc-02; Biorize, Dijon, FR) | Roots | SSH | Beta-cyanoalanine synthase Neoxanthin (clavage enzyme) synthase |
Secondary metabolites biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis |
Grunwald et al., 2004 |
| Solanum lycopersicum | Rhizophagus irregularis | Leaves | RNA-Seq | 4-coumarate CoA ligase Acyltransferase-like protein Caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase Cinnamoyl CoA-reductase-like Cytochrome P450 NADPH-reductase Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase Mevalonate kinase Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase |
Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis |
Cervantes-Gámez et al., 2016 |
| Glomus intraradices (BEG141) | Roots | Microarray | Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase Cytochrome P450 Mevalonate disphosphate decarboxylase Phytoene dehydrogenase |
Carotenoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis |
Dermatsev et al., 2010 | |
| Glomus mosseae (BEG12) | Roots | RNA-Seq | (−)-a-terpineol synthase (+)-delta-cadinene synthase 4-coumarate CoA ligase Anthocyanidin synthase Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 Cytochrome P450 Cytochrome p450 monooxygenase cyp72a59 Monoterpene glucosyltransferase Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase Phytoene synthase Sesquiterpene synthase |
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis |
Fiorilli et al., 2009 | |
| Glomus mosseae (BEG12) | Shoots | RNA-Seq | Caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase Cytochrome p450 Tropinone reductase |
Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Alkaloid biosynthesis |
||
| Glomus irregulare (DAOM 197198) | Roots | Microarray | Allene oxide synthase 3 Gibberellin 3-beta-dioxygenase Phytoene desaturase |
Secondary metabolites biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis |
Garrido et al., 2010 | |
| Glomus intraradices | Roots | Microarray | Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase Hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyl transferase Lycopene b-cyclase Phytoene desaturase z-carotene desaturase |
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis Diterpenoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis |
López-Ráez et al., 2010b | |
| Glomus intraradices/Glomus mosseae | Roots | Microarray | Allene oxide synthase 1-3 Antocyanin acyltrasferase Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP 81, CYP721) 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase Gibberellin 3-beta (20)-dioxygenase |
Secondary metabolites biosynthesis Anthocyanidin biosynthesis Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis Diterpenoid biosynthesis |
||
| Glomus mosseae | Roots | Microarray | Polyphenol oxidase | Secondary metabolites biosynthesis | ||
| Glomus mosseae | Fruit | Microarray | Histidine decarboxylase | Secondary metabolites biosynthesis | Salvioli et al., 2012 | |
| Rhizophagus irregularis (DAOM 197198) | Roots | RNA-Seq | Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8 Cytochrome P450 (CYP93A1) |
Carotenoid biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis |
Sugimura and Saito, 2017 | |
| Funneliformis mosseae (BEG12) | Fruit | RNA-Seq | Terpene synthase | Diterpenoid biosynthesis | Zouari et al., 2014 | |
| Solanum tuberosum | Glomus sp. MUCL 41833 | Roots | Microarray | Anthocyanidin-3-glucoside rhamnosyltransferase Anthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase Benzyl alcohol benzoyl transferase Carotenoid isomerase Catechol oxidase Chalcone reductase Coumarate-CoA ligase (2-4) Cytochrome p450 (CYP71-like) Flavanone 3-hydroxylase Flavonoid 1-2 rhamnosyltransferase Flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase Leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase-like Orcinol O-methyltransferase Peroxidase (Class III) Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase Phytoene desaturase Hyoscyamine 6 beta-hydroxylase-likeSesquiterpene synthase 2 Tropinone reductase I Tyramine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase Vetispiradiene synthase z-carotene desaturase |
Anthocyanin biosynthesis Secondary metabolites biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesisIsoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesisFlavonoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis Flavonoid biosynthesis Flavonoid, flavone, flavonol biosynthesis Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis Diterpenoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Anthocyanidin biosynthesis Secondary metabolites biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis Alkaloid biosynthesis Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis Alkaloids biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis |
Gallou et al., 2012 |
| Vitis vinifera | Funneliformis mosseae (BEG12) | Roots | RNA-Seq | ABA 8′-hydroxylase CYP707A1 Alliin lyase precursor |
Carotenoid biosynthesis Secondary metabolites biosynthesis |
Balestrini et al., 2017 |
| Funneliformis mosseae (BEG12)/MICOSAT F® Vite (CCS-Aosta) | Roots | RNA-Seq | 4-coumarate-CoA ligase ABA 8'-hydroxylase CYP707A1 Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenaseTaxane 10-beta-hydroxylase Tropinone reductase Urophorphyrin III methylase |
Terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis Alkaloids biosynthesis Secondary metabolites biosynthesis |
||
| MICOSAT F® Vite (CCS-Aosta) | Roots | RNA-Seq | Methyl jasmonate esterase | Secondary metabolites biosynthesis | ||
| Zea mays | Rhizophagus irregularis | Leaves | Microarray | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- reductase Alliin lyase |
Cysteine and methionine metabolism Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis Secondary metabolites biosynthesis |
Gerlach et al., 2015 |
| Anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase 2 Beta-carotene hydroxylase 1 Cytochrome p450 71a1 Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase Homogentisate phytyltransferase vte2-1 Mevalonate kinase Short-chain dehydrogenase reductase family protein |
Anthocyanin biosynthesis Carotenoid biosynthesis Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis Diterpenoid biosynthesis Terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis Retinoic acid biosynthesis |
The binomial nomenclature of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) reported in the quoted papers has been maintained. Assay methods: RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH).