(a) The distribution of bacterial taxa at the family level in whole-body samples of male and female B. germanica cockroaches from lab-reared and field-collected cockroaches. Data include Blattabacterium species. Box plots show the alpha diversities of (b) Shannon diversity indices and (c) Phylogenetic diversity among the whole-insect samples by location. (b and c) Bars delineate the median, and “x” defines the mean, the hinges represent the lower and upper quartiles, the whiskers extend to the most extreme values (no more than 1.5 times the interquartile range from the box), and outliers are plotted as circles, if present. Sample sizes for whole-insects are Lab = 8, Apt1 = 6, Apt2 = 3, Apt3 = 5, Apt4 = 6. UC, unclassified. In panels b and c, different lowercase letters over the bars indicate statistically significant differences between treatments (Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.05)