Non-competitive protein adsorption behavior of (a) NIP, (b) TMIP, (c) LMIP, and (d) CMIP. While all MIP formulations exhibited different adsorption behavior for cytochrome c and hemoglobin than NIP, no significant difference was observed between the TMIP, LMIP, and CMIP. n = 3, presented as average ± SEM, with connecting lines for visualization.