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. 2018 Aug 14;8:309. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00309

Figure 2.

Figure 2

CNPs main redox-dependent and independent biological effects. Tumor microenvironment modulation supposedly occurs via antioxidant effect, but no experimental evidence is available. It is hypothesized that acidic-induced toxicity occurs in lysosomes, being the only biological site where a suitable pH (≤4) is reached; however, no experimental evidence is available. Radio-sensitization may be achieved through toxic and non-toxic activation of the apoptotic program, the latter being selective for cancer cells possessing defective DNA integrity checkpoints. DDR, DNA damage response.