Table 5. Cognition, subjective health and nutritional parameters of men, according to quartiles of gait speed and of hand grip strength.
| Men (n = 591) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gait speed (m/s) | Hand grip strength (Kgf) | |||||||||
| 1st quartile < 0.74 (n = 147) |
2nd quartile [0.74–0.94[ (n = 147) |
3rd quartile [0.94–1.19[ (n = 147) |
4th quartile ≥ 1.19 (n = 150) |
p | 1st quartile < 24.8 (n = 148) |
2nd quartile [24.8–30.4[ (n = 148) |
3rd quartile [30.4–36.9[ (n = 147) |
4th quartile ≥ 36.9 (n = 148) |
p | |
| Cognition and subjective health | ||||||||||
| Mini-Mental State Examination 1, n (%) | ||||||||||
| • without cognitive impairment | 132 (89.8) | 140 (95.2) | 145 (98.6) | 148 (98.7) | < 0.001 | 132 (89.2) | 144 (97.3) | 145 (98.6) | 144 (97.3) | < 0.001 |
| • with cognitive impairment | 15 (10.2) | 7 (4.8) | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.3) | 16 (10.8) | 4 (2.7) | 2 (1.4) | 4 (2.7) | ||
| Number of chronic diseases, mean (SD) | 3.2 (2.0) | 3.1 (1.9) | 2.9 (1.7) | 3.1 (1.8) | 0.570 | 3.0 (1.9) | 3.3 (2.0) | 3.0 (1.6) | 3.0 (1.8) | 0.317 |
| Nutritional parameters | ||||||||||
| Body mass index 2, n (%) | ||||||||||
| • normal | 30 (20.4) | 34 (23.1) | 18 (12.3) | 27 (18.0) | 0.281 | 29 (19.6) | 31 (20.9) | 29 (19.7) | 20 (13.5) | 0.210 |
| • overweight | 63 (42.9) | 72 (49.0) | 84 (57.1) | 76 (50.7) | 73 (49.3) | 66 (44.6) | 82 (55.8) | 74 (50.0) | ||
| • obesity | 54 (36.7) | 41 (27.9) | 45 (30.6) | 47 (31.3) | 46 (31.1) | 51 (34.5) | 36 (24.5) | 54 (36.5) | ||
| Vitamin D status, n (%) | ||||||||||
| • adequacy (≥ 50.0 nmol/L 25(OH)D) | 30 (20.4) | 58 (39.4) | 55 (37.4) | 80 (53.4) | < 0.001 | 36 (24.3) | 51 (34.4) | 62 (42.2) | 74 (50.0) | < 0.001 |
| • at risk of inadequacy (30.0–49.9 nmol/L 25(OH)D) | 41 (27.9) | 46 (31.3) | 61 (41.5) | 41 (27.3) | 49 (33.1) | 39 (26.4) | 48 (32.6) | 53 (35.8) | ||
| • at risk of deficiency (< 30.0 nmol/L 25(OH)D) | 76 (51.7) | 43 (29.3) | 31 (21.1) | 29 (19.3) | 63 (42.6) | 58 (39.2) | 37 (25.2) | 21 (14.2) | ||
1 Participants were considered to have no cognitive impairment with a score above 15 if they had no formal schooling, above 22 if they had ≤ 11 years of education and above 27 if they had > 11 years of education [40].
2 Using World Health Organization cut-off points [42]. Values shown in parentheses refer to SD or to column percentage number; p values are relative to the differences between quartiles. Abbreviation: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; SD, standard deviation.