Table 1.
Characteristics of Studies Entered to Meta-Snalysis
| author -publication year-reference | continent | Design | (years) | Sample size | Age | Dietary assessment | PC stage or grade | Exposure | Quantity | RR (95% CI) | Adjustment for confounders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Butler et al., 2010) | Asia | Cohort | 11 | 27293 | 45-75 | FFQ | -Total pc -Localized pc -Advance pc |
Total calcium | 659 vs, 211mg/day | 1.25 (0.89-1.74) -1.43 (0.81-2.52) -1.18 (0.75-1.87) |
Age, dialect group, interview year, education, weekly supplement use |
| (Ahn et al., 2007) | USA | Cohort | 8.9 | 29509 | 55-74 | FFQ | -Total pc -Localized pc -Advance pc |
Total calcium | >2001vs, <750mg/day | -0.89 0.66-1.19) -1.08 (0.75-1.56) -0.61 (0.37-1.02) |
Age, race, study center, FH–PC, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, diabetes history, red meat, total energy, education, no. of screening examinations during followup |
| (S.-Y. Park et al., 2007) | USA | Cohort | 6 | 293888 | 50-71 | Validated FFQ | Localized pc -Advance pc -Fatal pc |
Total calcium | >2000vs, <250mg/day | -0.93 (0.81-1.07) -1.20 (0.86-1.67) -1.05 (0.54-2.05) |
Age, race/ ethnicity, education, marital status, BMI, vigorous physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes history, FH–PC, PSA screening, tomatoes, red meat, fish, vitamin E, ALA, total Energy…. |
| (Giovannucci, Liu, Platz, Stampfer, and Willett, 2007) | USA | Cohort | 16 | 47750 | 45-70 | Validated FFQ, 131 food items | -Total pc -Localized pc -Advance pc Fatal pc |
Total calcium | >2000vs, 500-749mg.day | -1.28 (1.02-1.60) -1.13 (0.88-1.47) -2.02 (1.28-3.19) -2.02 (1.14-3.58) |
Age, time period, BMI at age 21 y, vigorous physical activity, height, cigarette packyears in the previous 10 y, FH–PC, diabetes, total calories, red meat, fish, ALA, zinc supplements, tomato sauce |
| (Rohrmann et al., 2007) | USA | Cohort | 13 | 3892 | >35 | FFQ, 110 items | -Total pc -Localized pc -advance pc |
Total calcium | >957vs, <685 mg/day | 0.99 (0.70-1.41) -1.16 (0.63-2.15) -1.06 (0.55-2.04) |
Age, energy intake, tomato products, BMI at age 21 y, SFA |
| (Rodriguez et al., 2003) | USA | Cohort | 7 | 65321 | 50-74 | Validated FFQ, 68 food items | Total pc Advance pc | Total calcium | >2000vs, <700 mg.day | 1.2 (1-1.6) 1.6 (0.9-3) | Age at entry, race, FH–PC, total energy, total fat intake, education, phosphorus, total vitamin D |
| (Wilson, Shui, Mucci, and Giovannucci, 2014) | USA | Cohort | 16 | 47885 | 49-75 | FFQs with more than 130 food items | Total pc -Localized pc -Advance pc -Lether pc |
Total calcium | >2000 mg.day | 1.24 (1.02-1.51) -1.07 (0.82-1.39) -1.49 (1.01-2.20) -1.66 (1.09-2.53) |
Age-BMI-race-smoking-diabetes-family history |
| (Rowland, Schwartz, John, and Ingles, 2012) | USA | Case-control | - | 783 | - | Total pc | Total calcium | >1059 mg.day | 2.20 (1.40-3.46) | - | |
| (Kesse et al., 2006) | Europe | cohort | 7.7 | 2776 | 45-60 | 5 3 24-h dietary Record | -total pc | Total calcium | >1081vs, <725 mg.day | -2.43 (1.05-5.62) | Age, energy intake, tomato products, BMI at age 21 y, SFA |
| (Y. Park et al., 2007) | USA | cohort | 8 | 82483 | 45-75 | Validated FFQ, $180 food items | -Total pc -Localized pc -Advance pc |
Total calcium | >1301vs, <470 mg.day | 1.04 (0/91-1.20) -1.10 (0.94-1.29) -0.91 (0.65-1.28) |
Age, time since cohort entry, ethnicity, FH– PC, education, BMI, smoking status, energy intake |
| (Qin, He, and Xu, 2009) | USA | cohort | 8 | 293907 | 50-71 | Validated FFQ | Total pc | Total calcium | 1530vs,526mg/day | 1.03 (0.98-1.08) | Age, raceethnicity, education, marital status, BMI, FH– cancer, diabetes, physical activity, ALA, alcohol, red meat, total energy, smoking, PSA test, tomatoes, selenium |
| (Kristal et al., 2010) | USA | Cohort | 7 | 9559 | >55 | FFQ | Total pc | Total calcium | >1357vs,<689mg/day | 1.17 (0.97-1.42 | Age, raceethnicity, treatment arm, BMI, energy intake |