Table 3.
Summary of Potential Action Mechanism of SFN in Relation to Apoptosis-inducing Ability Against Various Cell Lines
| Action mechanism | Cell lines/ animal model | References |
|---|---|---|
| a.Cell cycle arrest | ||
| Activation of Chk2 leading to G2/M phase arrest | PC-3 cells, Human prostate cancer | Singh et al., 2004 |
| Increased expression of cyclin B1 and p21waf1/cip1 | HT-29 cells, human colon cancer | Gamet-Payrastre et al., 2000 |
| S-phase arrest | UM-UC3, bladder cells | Tang and Zhang, 2004 |
| Decreased expression of cyclin D1 and increased p21waf1/cip1 | PC-3 cells, Human prostate cancer | Chiao et al., 2002 |
| Increased expression of p21 and G2/M phase arrest | LM8 cells | Matsui et al., 2007 |
| G2/M phase arrest | LTEP-A2, human lung adenocarcinoma cells | Liang et al., 2008 |
| b.Biotransformation of phase II detoxification enzyme | ||
| Depletion of glutathione (GSH) | Ovarian epithelial cells | Trachootham et al., 2006 |
| c.Induction of apoptosis | ||
| Activation of caspase-8 and -9 | PC-3 cells, Human prostate cancer | Singh et al., 2002 |
| Increased expression of Bax protein, decrease in Bcl-2 expression | Human T lymphocytes | Fimognari et al., 2003 |
| Down regulation of Bcl-2 | DU-145 cells, human prostate cancer | Wang et al., 2004 |
| d.Histone deacetylation | ||
| Enhanced expression of beta-catenin-responsive reporter protein | 293 cells, human embryonic kidney, HCT-116 cells human colorectal cancer | |
| Disruption in HDAC | MDA-MB-231 cells, MDA-MB-468, MCF-7, and T47, human breast cancer | Pledgie et al., 2007 |
| e.Caspase activity | ||
| Inhibited neovascularization | Angiogenesis model | Asakage et al., 2006 |