Table 4.
Mean direct costs per patient by cost category (in 2015 international dollars) incurred to health services and to 1398 patients before and during TB treatment categorized by treatment strategy
| Services | Pharmaceutical care (n = 315) | Home visit (n = 559) | Modified DOT (n = 524) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arithmetic mean (SD) | 95% CI | Arithmetic mean (SD) | 95% CI | Arithmetic mean (SD) | 95% CI | |
| Pre-TB treatment | ||||||
| Medications | 2.51 (8.97) | 1.62–3.61 | 0.16 (1.39) | 0.06–0.28 | 1.96 (9.59) | 1.30–2.75 |
| Laboratory investigation | 100.55 (52.57) | 94.82–106.46 | 27.50 (25.21) | 25.55–29.66 | 21.33 (27.86) | 18.75–23.79 |
| Diagnostic radiology | 28.50 (62.65) | 22.51–35.51 | 18.90 (41.47) | 15.71–22.73 | 14.90 (40.21) | 12.19–18.31 |
| Medical services | 10.47 (26.78) | 7.80–13.19 | 3.32 (2.28) | 3.14–3.52 | 5.26 (4.38) | 4.91–5.66 |
| Miscellaneous costs | 0.46 (3.10) | 0.18–0.83 | 0.55 (1.12) | 0.46–0.65 | 0.04 (0.29) | 0.02–0.06 |
| Hospitalization | 18.02 (218.66) | 2.53–43.98 | 137.64 (502.38) | 100.92–180.73 | 137.77 (348.95) | 111.45–164.91 |
| Total costs | 160.51 (239.07) | 141.26–185.59 | 188.08 (492.02) | 151.99–228.63 | 181.27 (345.40) | 150.99–210.55 |
| Costs to health services | 108.23 (128.51) | 94.11–122.86 | 180.30 (491.39) | 144.04–220.70 | 160.16 (311.25) | 134.71–187.11 |
| Costs to patients | 52.28 (227.35) | 34.73–77.77 | 7.79 (57.64) | 4.01–12.76 | 21.11 (165.22) | 9.53–37.15 |
| TB treatment | ||||||
| Medications | 269.33 (431.09) | 227.40–324.52 | 281.57 (213.33) | 266.33–297.36 | 212.66 (158.38) | 202.55–225.86 |
| Laboratory investigation | 154.53 (133.98) | 140.97–171.08 | 107.58 (70.64) | 102.12–113.33 | 127.81 (104.53) | 119.40–137.27 |
| Diagnostic radiology | 38.47 (43.85) | 34.46–43.28 | 22.46 (15.39) | 21.28–23.80 | 26.66 (30.21) | 24.38–29.30 |
| Medical services | 27.55 (31.48) | 24.45–31.21 | 30.50 (40.51) | 27.72–33.98 | 36.11 (38.74) | 33.23–39.64 |
| Supervision activities | 0 | 218.23 (178.05) | 205.47–232.03 | 217.67 (182.09) | 201.83–233.64 | |
| Miscellaneous costs | 2.60 (16.38) | 1.22–4.57 | 4.08 (8.38) | 3.48–4.70 | 1.93 (4.26) | 1.60–2.29 |
| Hospitalization | 42.42 (624.54) | 0–113.08 | 221.65 (1237.85) | 135.60–326-58 | 133.03 (557.95) | 90.32–181.95 |
| Total costs | 534.91 (879.99) | 451.33–650.14 | 886.07 (1286.99) | 789.66–995.53 | 755.86 (656.35) | 700.76–817.97 |
| Costs to health services | 411.73 (863.56) | 330.99–521.12 | 840.09 (1270.06) | 745.59–948.39 | 727.63 (644.72) | 675.15–789.90 |
| Costs to patients | 123.18 (327.19) | 88.56–165.54 | 45.98 (275.80) | 27.58–70.07 | 28.22 (112.17) | 19.13–38.91 |
| Total | ||||||
| Total costs | 695.41 (904.88) | 609.34–813.10 | 1074.16 (1465.81) | 964.49–1211.83 | 937.12 (768.00) | 872.79–1009.90 |
| Total costs to health services | 519.96 (883.05) | 437.31–625.58 | 1020.39 (1455.52) | 911.13–1154.11 | 887.79 (747.26) | 824.28–955.91 |
| Total costs to patients | 175.45(432.88) | 130.26–230.48 | 53.77 (298.17) | 33.25–79.44 | 49.33 (219.93) | 34.03–69.30 |
Medical services included medical supplies, special diagnostics, medical equipment, operations services, outpatient services, and physical therapy. Miscellaneous costs included food solution, ambulatory care, copayments, other non-medical services, and special physician fees
DOT directly observed therapy, TB tuberculosis