Table 1.
Bacteria species that have been isolated from house flies, including the site of isolation, the frequencies and their distribution
| Bacteria genera | Species | Medical and/or veterinary importance | Geographical occurrence | Site of specimen collection | Host stage infected | Prevalence | Lab or field study | Site of isolation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Helicobacter | H. pylori | Medical | Worldwide | Laboratory reared | Adult | – | Lab | External surfaces/internal organs | [70–72] |
| Campylobacter | C. jejuni | Medical and veterinary | Worldwide | Poultry, piggery | Adult/larvae | 6.2% | Field/ Lab | External surfaces/internal organs | [73, 74, 87, 90] |
| C. coli | Medical and veterinary | Worldwide | Poultry, piggery | Adult | 90.1% | Field | External surfaces/internal organs | [74] | |
| Others | Medical and veterinary | Worldwide | Restaurant, refuse dumps, barbecue shops, fruits and food vendors, markets, poultries (broiler farms) | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces/internal organs | [38, 75] | |
| Salmonella | S. typhimurium | Medical | Worldwide | Laboratory experiment | Adult | – | Lab | [37] | |
| S. enterica serovar Enteritidis | Medical | Worldwide | Poultry, dumpsters | Adult/larvae | 6–70% | Lab/field | External surfaces/internal organs | [23, 28, 39] | |
| Others | Medical | Worldwide | Restaurant, refuse dumps, barbecue shops, fruits and food vendors, markets, fish vendors, human habitation | Adult | 11.8–66.67% | Field | External surfaces/internal organs | [25, 27, 29, 70–72, 91] | |
| Escherichia | E. coli | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation, cafeteria and food centers, hospitals, open fields, poultry farms, slaughter houses, cattle farms, animal hospitals | Adult/larvae | 10.5–76.3% | Field/lab | External surfaces/internal organs | [2–24, 29–38, 40, 43–46, 48, 89, 92] |
| Bacillus | B. anthrax | Medical and veterinary | Worldwide | Laboratory reared | Adult | – | Lab | External surfaces/Internal organs | [76] |
| B. megatarium | non | Worldwide | Cafeteria and food centers | Adult | 50% | Field | External surfaces/Internal organs | [7] | |
| B. sphaericus | Medical | Worldwide | Cafeteria and food centers | Adult | 50% | Field | External surfaces/Internal organs | [7] | |
| B. cereus | Medical | Worldwide | Fresh fish | Larvae | – | Field | External surfaces/Internal organs | [46, 53] | |
| B. alvei | Medical | Worldwide | Cafeteria and food centers | Adult | 50% | Field | External surfaces/Internal organs | [7] | |
| B. pumilus | Medical | Worldwide | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces/Internal organs | [46] | ||
| B. thuringiensis | non | Worldwide | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces/Internal organs | [46] | ||
| Others | Medical | Worldwide | Dairy farms, hospitals, slaughter houses, fruit and food centers | Adult | 31.1% | Field | External surfaces | [10, 20, 44, 61, 89] | |
| Staphylococcus | S. aureus | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation, fresh fish | Adult/ larvae | 26.9% | Field | External surfaces/Internal organs | [40, 45, 53, 77, 92] |
| S. epidermidis | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces/Internal organs | [40] | |
| S. sciuri | Medical/veterinary | Worldwide | Dumpsters of restaurants | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces | [46] | |
| S. saprophyticus | Medical | Worldwide | Dumpsters of restaurants | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces | [46] | |
| S. xylosus | Medical | Worldwide | Dumpsters of restaurants | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces | [46] | |
| Others | Medical/veterinary | Worldwide | Poutry, animal farms, garden, garbage/dump areas, restaurants/cafeteria, markets, human habitation, hospitals | Adult | 22.9–28.2% | Field | External surfaces/Internal organs | [10, 20, 48, 78, 79, 89, 91] | |
| Enterococcus | E. faecalis | Medical | Worldwide | Restaurants, piggery farms | Adult | 55.5–88.2% | Field/lab | External surfaces/Internal organs | [21, 49, 50] |
| E. faecium | Medical | Worldwide | Restaurants, piggery farms | Adult | 6.8–12.8% | Field/lab | External surfaces/Internal organs | [49, 50] | |
| E. casseliflavus | Medical | Worldwide | Restaurants, piggery farms | Adult | 4.9–6.7% | Field/lab | External surfaces/Internal organs | [49, 50] | |
| E. hirae | Medical/veterinary | Worldwide | piggery farms | Adult | 12.8% | Field/lab | External surfaces/Internal organs | [50] | |
| Aeromonas | A. caviae | Medical | Worldwide | Hospitals, streets, slaughter houses (abattoir) | Adult | 39–78% | Field | Internal organs | [48, 80, 81] |
| A hydrophila | Medical | Worldwide | Open field | Adult | – | Field | Internal organs | [82] | |
| Others | Medical | Worldwide | Poutry, animal farms, garden, garbage/dump areas, restaurants/cafeteria, markets, human habitation, hospitals | Adult | – | Field | Internal organs | [79] | |
| Shigella | S. sonnei | Medical | Worldwide | Hospitals, streets, slaughter houses | Adult | – | Field | Internal organs | [48] |
| S. dysenteriae | Medical | Worldwide | Dumpsters of restaurants | Adult | – | Field | Internal organs | [46] | |
| Others | Medical | Worldwide | Poultry, animal farms, garden, garbage/dump areas, restaurants/cafeteria, markets, human habitation, hospitals | Adult | 4.8–66.67% | field | External surfaces/ internal organs | [11, 13, 29, 38, 40, 43, 79, 91] | |
| Klebsiella | K. pneumoniae | Medical | Worldwide | Hospitals, human habitation, slaughter houses | Adult | 11.3–82% | field | External surfaces/ internal organs | [15, 47, 82] |
| K. oxytoca | Medical | Open field | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces | [83] | ||
| Others | Medical | Poutry, animal farms,garden, garbage/dump areas, restaurants/cafeteria, markets, human habitation, hospitals, slaughter houses, open field | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces | [40, 44, 48, 61, 79, 89] | ||
| Pseudomonas | P. aeruginosa | Medical | Worldwide | Dump sites, slaughter houses, open field, human habitation, fresh fish, hospitals | Adult/larvae | 37% | field | External surfaces/internal organs | [15, 19, 53, 61, 84] |
| Others | Medical | Worldwide | Hospitals, streets, slaughter houses, | Adult | 21.8% | Field | External surfaces/internal organs | [44, 48, 92] | |
| Proteus | P. mirabilis | Medical | Worldwide | Slaughter houses, hospitals | Adult | 29.1% | field | External surfaces/internal organs | [15] |
| P. vulgaris | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces/internal organs | [40] | |
| Proteus sp. | Medical | Worldwide | Slaughter houses, dump sites, open fields, human habitations | Adult | 14.8% | Field | External surfaces/internal organs | [61, 89, 92] | |
| Citrobacter | C. freundi | Medical | Worldwide | Cafeteria and food centers, Slaughter houses, hospitals | Adult | 28.4% | field | External surfaces/internal organs | [7, 15] |
| Chronobacter | C. turicensis, | Medical | Worldwide | Poultry, dumpsters | Adult/larvae | 14% | Field/lab | External surfaces/internal organs | [23, 28] |
| C. universalis | Medical | Worldwide | Poultry, dumpsters | Adult/larvae | – | Field/lab | External surfaces/internal organs | [23, 28] | |
| C. sakazakii | Medical | Worldwide | Poultry, dumpsters | Adult/larvae | – | Field/lab | External surfaces/internal organs | [23, 28, 46] | |
| Listeria | L. monocytogenes | Medical | Worldwide | Poultry, dumpsters | Adult/larvae | 3–49.4% | Field/lab | External surfaces/internal organs | [23, 28, 54] |
| Others | Medical/veterinary | Worldwide | Animal farms | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces/internal organs | [78] | |
| Streptococcus | S. pyogenes | medical | Worldwide | Fresh fish, human habitation | Adult/larvae | – | Field | External surfaces/internal organs | [40, 53] |
| S. faecalis | Medical | Worldwide | Fresh fish | Larvae | – | Field | External surfaces/internal organs | [53] | |
| Others | Medical | Worldwide | Hospitals, slaughter houses, streets, dump sites, open fields, human habitation | Adult | 66.67% | Field | External surfaces/internal organs | [48, 61, 89, 91] | |
| Alternaria | Alternaria spp. | Medical | Worldwide | Fresh fish, Human habitation | Larvae | 1.4–6% | Field | [15, 53, 55] | |
| Serratia | Serratia spp. | Medical | worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | – | Field | Internal organs | [40] |
| Enterobacter | Enterobacter spp. | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | – | Field | Internal organs | [40, 89] |
| Edwardsiella | Edwardsiella spp. | Medical | Worldwide | Poultry | Adult | – | field | External surfaces/internal organs | [43] |
| Providencia | Providencia spp. | Medical | Worldwide | Poultry, animal farms, garden, garbage/dump areas, restaurants/cafeteria, markets, human habitation, hospitals, slaughter houses, open field | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces/ internal organs | [43, 79] |
| Vibrio | Vibrio cholera non O1 | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | 45.7% | Field | Internal organs | [29] |
| Others | Medical / veterinary | Worldwide | Animal farms | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces/ internal organs | [78] | |
| Morganella | M. morgana | Medical | Worldwide | Poutry, animal farms,garden, garbage/dump areas, restaurants/cafeteria, markets, human habitation, hospitals, slaughter houses, open field | Adult | 16.67% | Field | External surfaces/Internal organs | [7, 79] |
| Clostridium | Clostridium spp. | Medical | Worldwide | Dairy farms | Adult | – | Field | Internal organs | [10] |
| Corynebacterium | Corynebacterium spp. | Medical | Worldwide | Dairy farms | Adult | – | Field | Internal organs | [10] |
| Lactobacillus | Lactobacillus spp. | Medical | Worldwide | Dairy farms | Adult | – | Field | Internal organs | [10] |
| Yersinia | Y. enterocolitica | Medical | Worldwide | Hospitals, streets, slaughter houses | Adult | – | Field | Internal organs | [48] |
| Burkholderia | B. pseudomallei | Medical | Worldwide | Open field | Adult | – | Field | Internal organs | [83] |
| Acinetobacter | A. baumanni | Medical | worldwide | Poultry, dumpsters | Adult | – | Field | Internal organs | [46, 89] |
| Methylobacterium | M. persicinum | Medical | Worldwide | Poultry, dumpsters | Adult | – | Field | Internal organs | [46] |
| Micrococcus | Micrococcus sp. | Medical | Worldwide | Garbage/dump areas, poultry, restaurants | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces/Internal organs | [89] |