Table 2.
Fungi species that have been isolated from house flies, including the site of isolation, the frequencies and their distribution
| Fungi genera | Species | Medical, veterinary or agricultural importance | Geographical occurrence | Site of specimen collection | Host stage infected | Prevalence | Lab or field study | Site of isolation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cladosporum | C. cladosporoides | Medical | Worldwide | Cattles diagnosed with bovine ringworm, animal pens, dump sites | Adult/larvae | 4.7–85% | Field/lab | External surfaces | [56, 57] |
| Others | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Larvae | 0.2 | Field | External surfaces | [53, 55] | |
| Penicillium | P. axalicum | Medical | Worldwide | Fresh fish | Larvae | – | Field | External surfaces | [53] |
| P. corylophilum | Medical | Worldwide | Animal pens, dump sites | Larvae | – | Field | External surfaces | [57] | |
| P. fellutanum | Medical | Worldwide | Animal pens, dump sites | Larvae | 11.9% | Field | External surfaces | [57] | |
| P. verrucosum | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces | [60] | |
| P. aurantiogriseum | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces | [60] | |
| Others | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation, Cattles diagnosed with bovine ringworm, hospitals, slaughter houses | adult | 3.4–21% | Field/lab | External surfaces | [55, 56, 58, 59] | |
| Aspergillus | A. flavus | Medical | Worldwide | Animal pens, dump sites, poultry farms, dairy, piggery, slaughter houses, open field | Adult/larvae | 23.8% | Field | External surfaces | [52, 57, 60] |
| A niger | Medical | Worldwide | Animal pens, dump sites | Adult/larvae | 14.4–85.71% | Field | External surfaces | [7, 57] | |
| A fumigatus | Medical | Worldwide | Cafeteria and food centers | Adult | 85.71 | Field | External surfaces | [7] | |
| A tamari | Medical | Worldwide | Fresh fish | Larvae | – | Field | External surfaces | [53] | |
| A parasiticus | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces | [60] | |
| Others | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation, Cattles diagnosed with bovine ringworm, hospitals, slaughter houses | Adult | 2.8–67.4% | Field/lab | External surfaces | [55, 56, 58, 59] | |
| Beauveria | B. bassiana | Medical | Worldwide | Poultry farms, dairy, piggery, open field, slaughter houses | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces | [52] |
| Mucor | M. cirinelloides | Medical | Worldwide | Cafeteria and food centers | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces | [7] |
| Others | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | 2% | Field | External surfaces | [55] | |
| Alternaria | A. alternata | Medical | Worldwide | Animal pens, dump sites | Adult/larvae | 1.4–11.9% | Field | External surfaces | [53, 55, 57, 58] |
| Fusarium | F. oxysporum | Medical | Worldwide | Fresh fish | Larvae | – | Field | External surfaces | [53] |
| F. verticilliodes | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces | [60] | |
| F. proliferatum | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces | [60] | |
| Others | Medical | Worldwide | Animal pens, dump sites, Human habitation, hospitals, slaughter houses | Larvae | 4.7–17% | Field | External surfaces | [55, 57, 58] | |
| Curvularia | C. brachyspora | Medical | Worldwide | Animal pens, dump sites | Adult | 2.4% | Field | External surfaces | [57] |
| Mycelia | M. sterilia | Medical | Worldwide | Animal pens, dump sites | Adult | 2.4% | Field | External surfaces | [57] |
| Candida | C. albicans | Medical | Worldwide | Pig pen, Human habitation | Adult | 44.6% | Field | External surfaces | [51, 54] |
| C. glabrata | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | 23% | Field | External surfaces | [51] | |
| C. krusei | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | 19.6% | Field | External surfaces | [51] | |
| C. tropicalis | Medical | Worldwide | Pig pen, Human habitation | Adult | 7.4% | Field | External surfaces | [51, 54] | |
| C. dubliniensis | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | 3.6% | Field | External surfaces | [51] | |
| C. parapsilisis | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | 1.8% | Field | External surfaces | [51] | |
| Others | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | 10.5% | Field | External surfaces | [59] | |
| Microsporum | M. canis | Veterinary | Worldwide | Laboratory experiment | Adult/larvae | – | Field | External surfaces/internal organs | [85] |
| M. gypseum | Medical | Worldwide | Hospitals, slaughter houses | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces | [58] | |
| Chrysosporium | Chrysosporium spp. | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | 2% | Field | External surfaces | [55] |
| Curvalaria | Curvalaria spp. | Agricultural | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | 0.4% | Field | External surfaces | [55] |
| Epicoccum | Epicoccum spp. | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | 1% | Field | External surfaces | [55] |
| Eupenicillium | Eupenicillium spp. | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | 1% | Field | External surfaces | [55] |
| Moniliella | Moniliella spp. | Medical and veterinary | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | 9% | Field | External surfaces | [55] |
| Nigrospora | Nigrospora spp. | Agricultural | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | 1% | Field | External surfaces | [55] |
| Rhizopus | Rhizopus spp. | Veterinary | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | 2% | Field | External surfaces | [55] |
| Scopulariopsis | Scopulariopsis spp. | Veterinary | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | 2% | Field | External surfaces | [55] |
| Mucorales | Mucorales spp. | Medical | Worldwide | Hospitals | Adult | 11% | Field | External surfaces | [59] |
| Rhodotorula | Rhodotorula spp. | Medical/veterinary | Worldwide | Hospitals | Adult | 8.4% | Field | External surfaces | [59] |
| Moniliella | M. suaveolans | Medical | Worldwide | Human habitation | Adult | – | Field | External surfaces | [60] |