Table 3.

Parasites that have been isolated from house flies, including the site of isolation, the frequencies and their distribution

Parasite genera	Species	Medical or veterinary importance	Geographical occurrence	Site of specimen collection	Host stage infected	Prevalence	Lab or field study	Site of isolation	References
Ascaris	A. lumbricoides	Medical	Worldwide	Slaughter houses, dump sites, human habitation, open fields	Adult	12.6–14.29%	Field	External surfaces	[61–63, 98, 99]
	A. suum	Veterinary	Worldwide	piggery	Adult	62%	Field/lab	External surfaces/internal organs	[54]
Entamoeba	E. histolytica	Medical	Worldwide	Slaughter houses, dump sites, human habitation, open fields	Adult	35.43–53.57%	Field	External surfaces	[61–63]
Hookworm	Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus	Medical	Worldwide	Slaughter houses, dump sites, human habitation, open fields	Adult	8.93%	Field	External surfaces	[61, 62, 64]
Trichuris	T. trichiura	Medical	Worldwide	Slaughter houses, dump sites, human habitation, open fields, piggery	Adult	12.5–74.0%	Field	External surfaces	[61–64]
	T. suis	Medical/veterinary	Worldwide	Piggery	Adult	–	Field/lab	External surfaces/internal organs	[54]
Strongyloides	S. stercoralis	Medical	Developing countries	Slaughter houses, dump sites, human habitation, open fields	Adult	10.7%	Field	External surfaces/internal organs	[61]
	S. ransomi	Veterinary	Tropical regions	Piggery	Adult	21%	Field	External surfaces	[54]
Metastrongylus	M. spp	Veterinary	Worldwide	Piggery	Adult	–	Field	External surfaces/internal organs	[54]
Haematopinus	H. suis	Veterinary	Worldwide	Piggery	Adult	–	Field	External surfaces/internal organs	[54]
Crytosporidium	C. parvum	Medical/ Veterinary	Worldwide	Laboratory experiment	Adult/larvae	–	Lab	Internal organs	[65]
Giardia	G. lamblia	Medical	Developing countries	Human habitation, refuse dumps, tomato/vegetable and soft drink shops	Adult	23.62%	Field	External surfaces	[3, 63]
Enterobius	E. vermicularis	Medical	Worldwide but more prevalent in developed world	Poultry	Adult	–	Field	External surfaces	[3]
Taenia	T. spp.	Medical/veterinary	Worldwide	Human habitation, refuse dumps, tomato/vegetable and soft drink shops	Adult	15.75%	Field	External surfaces	[63, 64]
Hymenolepis	H. nana	Medical	Worldwide	Human habitation, refuse dumps, tomato/vegetable and soft drink shops	Adult	5.51%	Field	Internal organs	[63]