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. 2018 Aug 21;8:12512. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30972-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Survival of PAO1 wild-type and PAO1 ΔmexZ during treatment of biofilms with ciprofloxacin and meropenem. (A) Representative images of PAO1 tagged with yellow fluorescent protein and PAO1 ΔmexZ tagged with cyan fluorescent protein after live/dead staining (dead cells were stained for visualization using propidium iodide). Biofilms were either untreated, treated with one bolus (4 mg/l) Ciprofloxacin treatment for 24 h, or one bolus (107 mg/l) Meropenem for 24 h. Biofilms were grown on glucose minimal medium and treated with antibioitcs at day 3 (see Material and Methods). (B) COMSTAT quantification of the biomass of live and dead cells after live/dead staining of a PAO1 wild-type biofilm and PAO1 ΔmexZ biofilm from the same treatment regime as described in (A). In at least two independent experiments 3–4 random images were taken from each flow channel. A t-test (two-tailed) was performed between PAO1 and PAO1 ΔmexZ treated with ciprofloxacin showing a highly significant difference in survival (p < 0.001) as indicated by the three ***.