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. 2018 Aug 21;8:12504. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30884-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fluxes changing with alternating nitrogen sources. Nitrate nutrition requires large amounts of reductants produced by the TCA and leads to an export of negative charges (via HCO3⁻). Ammonium nutrition is energetically cheaper, and allows the use of reductants for ATP synthesis, while simultaneously leads to a export of protons from the plant.