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. 2018 Aug 21;9:3347. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05864-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Paper-based detection of C. difficile infection. a Schematic of RNA-based CDI detection using a toehold switch sensor to detect toxin B mRNA. b Toxin B mRNA detection in stool samples. Two C. difficile strains (630 and VPI 10463) were grown in two different media (M1—TYG plus cysteine, M2—TY). Cells from each culture were spiked into 150 mg of a commercial stool sample and processed for total RNA. Toxin B mRNA was measured by our paper-based platform and RT-qPCR. Data represent mean values. Paper-based error bars represent s.d. from nine replicates (three biological replicates (NASBA reactions) × three technical replicates (paper-based reactions)). RT-qPCR error bars represent s.d. from six replicates (two biological replicates (RT reactions) × three technical replicates (qPCR reactions)). Toxin B DNA was confirmed in each sample using qPCR (Cq values shown in Supplementary Table 11)