Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of subjects with low vs. normal relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass
| Data show number (%) or mean ± standard deviation | Relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 54) | Normal (n = 409) | P‐value | |
| Demographic & health‐related lifestyle factors | |||
| Age (years) | 73.0 ± 9.6 | 68.6 ± 9.0 | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | ||
| Male | 38 (13.0) | 191 (86.9) | |
| Female | 16 (6.8) | 218 (93.2) | |
| Education (>6 years) | 11 (20.4) | 76 (18.6) | 0.75 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||
| Male | 22.3 ± 5.2 | 25.3 ± 3.1 | <0.001 |
| Female | 21.2 ± 2.8 | 24.9 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
| Total body fat (%) | 27.3 ± 9.6 | 31.6 ± 8.1 | <0.001 |
| Male | 23.4 ± 7.6 | 26.0 ± 6.1 | 0.021 |
| Female | 36.5 ± 7.5 | 36.4 ± 6.3 | 0.991 |
| Smoking | 30 (55.6) | 140 (34.2) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking | 165 (40.3) | 29 (53.7) | 0.040 |
| International physical activity questionnaire (Kcal/week) | 10432 ± 4426 | 11902 ± 6459 | 0.11 |
| Medical history | |||
| Hypertension | 29 (53.7) | 203 (49.6) | 0.57 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 8 (14.8) | 79 (19.3) | 0.43 |
| Dyslipidemia | 5 (9.3) | 47 (11.5) | 0.64 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1 (1.9) | 18 (4.4) | 0.38 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1.9 ± 1.5 | 1.4 ± 1.5 | 0.013 |
| Functional performance | |||
| Frail | 11 (20.4) | 31 (7.6) | 0.005 |
| Walking speed | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 0.063 |
| Male | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 0.23 |
| Female | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.99 |
| Cognitive impairment | 19 (35.2) | 138 (33.7) | 0.88 |
| Depressive symptoms | 1 (1.9) | 15 (3.7) | 0.71 |
| Malnutrition | 12 (22.2) | 17 (4.2) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory test results | |||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 96.1 ± 27.3 | 103.2 ± 30.0 | 0.11 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.1 ± 1.5 | 5.9 ± 1.4 | 0.44 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.35 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/mL) | 27.1 ± 23.8 | 28.7 ± 21.9 | 0.62 |
| Albumin (mg/dL) | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 0.64 |
| Free androgen index | 20.4 ± 14.9 | 17.1 ± 18.3 | 0.15 |
| Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 0.26 |
| High‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.62 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 14.8 ± 5.5 | 14.3 ± 7.0 | 0.65 |
| Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (ng/mL) | 116.2 ± 50.5 | 121.2 ± 52.5 | 0.52 |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone (μg/dL) | 74.8 ± 42.8 | 94.1 ± 68.6 | <0.005 |
| Vitamin D3 (ng/mL) | 25.2 ± 6.1 | 25.1 ± 8.0 | 0.87 |
| Serum myostatin (pg/mL) | 4390 ± 2336 | 4978 ± 2313 | 0.080 |
| Myostatin status (tertiles) | 0.043 | ||
| Low | 26 (48.2) | 136 (33.3) | |
| Medium | 14 (25.9) | 137 (33.4) | |
| High | 14 (25.9) | 136 (33.3) | |
| Activin A (pg/mL) | 521.2 ± 161.1 | 532.1 ± 177.0 | 0.66 |
| Follistatin (pg/mL) | 1688 ± 525 | 1577 ± 631 | 0.22 |