Table 1.
Gastrointestinal hormones regulating food intake.
| Gastrointestinal hormone | Peptide family | Site of release | Stimulated by | Receptor(s) | Role in weight regulation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cholecystokinin (CCK) | Gastrin/CCK | Intestinal I-cells | Fat and protein rich meals | CCK1R/CCK2R | Increased satiety. |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) | Preproglucagon | Intestinal L-cells | Macronutrient intake | GLP-1R | Increased satiety, glucose stimulated insulin secretion, reduced gastric emptying. |
| Oxyntomodulin | Preproglucagon | Intestinal L-cells | Macronutrient intake | GLP-1R/GCGR | Increased satiety, glucose stimulated insulin secretion, increased energy expenditure. |
| Glucagon | Preproglucagon | Pancreatic alpha cells | Protein intake, stress, fasting | GCGR | Increased satiety, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis. |
| Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) | PP-fold | Intestinal L-cells | Macronutrient intake | Neuropeptide Y2R (PYY3−36). Y1R and Y5R (PYY1−36) |
Increased satiety. |
| Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) | PP-fold | Pancreatic PP cells | Macronutrient intake | Neuropeptide Y4R | Increased satiety. |
| Amylin | – | Pancreatic beta cells | Macronutrient intake | AMY1a, AMY2a and AMY3a | Increased satiety, reduced gastric emptying, modified food reward. |
| Ghrelin | Ghrelin | Stomach X/A-like cells | Fasting | GHSR | Increased food intake. |