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Effects of diabetes on the heart. Diabetes leads to systemic hyperglycemia and hyperglycemia increases tissue hypoxia. HIF-1 signaling is altered due to the changes in HIF-1α transactivation and HIF-1α protein modifications. Dysregulation of cardiac HIF-1 signaling is associated with an increased risk of diabetic embryopathy, adverse long-term outcomes for the offspring, and diabetic cardiomyopathy.
