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. 2018 Aug 15;9:1844. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01844

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Copyright © 2018 Kaur, Riaz, Singh and Kishore.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) TGF-β caused downregulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. All cell lines were incubated with TGF-β neutralizing antibody for 6 h to analyze the gene expression of Vimentin, Snail, and Zeb1, which showed that all EMT markers were downregulated in a manner similar to recombinant fragment of human SP-D (rfhSP-D) treatment. Significant values were considered based on ****p < 0.0001 between treated and untreated samples. (B) Analysis of images taken at 6 h following the treatment with rfhSP-D, anti-TGF-β, both rfhSP-D and anti-TGF-β and untreated begins to show less branches (highlighted with white arrows in UT) and decreased cell movement in all the treated samples as compared to untreated control, which translates into significant difference by 24 h as shown in cell invasion assay.