Table 1.

Major Interventions and Targets of Genetic Manipulations That Increase Lifespan

Intervention/signaling pathway	Molecular function/regulatory factors	Species	References
17-α-estradiol	Estrogen agonist	Mus musculus	59
L-deprenyl	Monoamine oxidase inhibitor	Rattus norvegicus	95
Acarbose	Inhibitor of intestinal α-glucosidase	M. musculus	59
Aspirin	Anti-inflammatory agent	M. musculus	163
Ibuprofen	Anti-inflammatory agent	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	61
		Caenorhabditis elegans
		Drosophila melanogaster
Metformin	Antidiabetic drug, mTOR inhibitor, AMPK signaling pathway activator	M. musculus	126, 140
		C. elegans
Methylene blue	Mitochondrial complex IV activator	M. musculus	59
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid	Lipoxygenase inhibitor, anti-inflammatory agent	M. musculus	59, 163
Rapamycin	mTOR inhibitor	M. musculus	12, 60, 133, 134
		D. melanogaster
Resveratrol	SIRT1 activator	M. musculus	9, 74, 188
		C. elegans
		D. melanogaster
		S. cerevisiae
Dietary restriction	mTOR, AMPK, IGF-1	M. musculus	71, 112, 149, 184
		C. elegans
		D. melanogaster
		S. cerevisiae
GH signaling	GH, GHR	M. musculus	25, 39
Insulin/IGF-1 signaling	IGF-1, IGF-1R, PI3K, AKT, FOXO	M. musculus	15, 65, 138
		C. elegans
		D. melanogaster
mTOR signaling	mTOR, S6K	M. musculus	85, 86, 111, 156
		C. elegans
		D. melanogaster
		S. cerevisiae

GH, growth hormone; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin.