. 2018 Mar 5;9(2):613–621. doi: 10.1007/s13300-018-0386-4

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the recruited sample, completers, and participants with missing data by treatment arm

	All		Completers with data		Dropout or missing data		Completers–dropouts
	N	Mean (SD) or ± SE	N	Mean (SD) or ± SE	N	Mean (SD) or ± SE	Mean ± SE
Age (years)
CCI-all education^a	262	53.75 (8.35)	218	54.09 (8.35)	44	52.09 (8.25)	2.0 ± 1.37
Usual care^a	87	52.33 (9.52)	78	51.71 (9.62)	9	57.78 (6.85)	− 6.07 ± 2.53*
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		1.42 ± 1.14		2.38 ± 1.23*		− 5.69 ± 2.6*
Female (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	66.79 ± 2.91	218	65.14 ± 3.23	44	75.0 ± 6.53	− 9.86 ± 7.28
Usual care^a	87	58.62 ± 5.28	78	60.26 ± 5.54	9	44.44 ± 16.56	15.81 ± 17.47
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		8.17 ± 6.03		4.88 ± 6.41		30.56 ± 17.8
African American (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	6.87 ± 1.56	218	5.96 ± 1.6	44	11.36 ± 4.78	− 5.4 ± 5.05
Usual care^a	87	0.0 ± 0.0	78	0.0 ± 0.0	9	0.0 ± 0.0	0.0 ± 0.0
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		6.87 ± 1.56§		5.96 ± 1.6‡		11.36 ± 4.78*
Years with type 2 diabetes
CCI-all education^a	261	8.44 (7.22)	217	8.4 (7.28)	44	8.61 (6.97)	− 0.21 ± 1.16
Usual care^a	71	7.85 (7.32)	71	7.85 (7.32)		Not collected
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.59 (0.9)		0.56 ± 1.0
Beta-hydroxybutyrate (mmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	248	0.17 (0.15)	186	0.17 (0.15)	62	0.19 (0.16)	− 0.02 ± 0.02
Usual care^a	79	0.15 (0.13)	59	0.14 (0.12)	20	0.17 (0.15)	− 0.03 ± 0.03
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.02 ± 0.02		0.02 ± 0.02		0.02 ± 0.04
Hemoglobin A_1c (mmol mol⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	262	59.55 (16.4)	204	58.35 (15.3)	58	63.49 (19.57)	− 28.66 ± 2.73
Usual care^a	87	59.99 (19.24)	72	61.08 (19.89)	15	54.52 (14.87)	− 16.97 ± 4.48
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 0.44 ± 2.3		− 2.73 ± 2.62		8.96 ± 4.59*
Hemoglobin A_1c (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	7.60 (1.50)	204	7.49 (1.4)	58	7.96 (1.79)	− 0.47 ± 0.25
Usual care^a	87	7.64 (1.76)	72	7.74 (1.82)	15	7.14 (1.36)	0.60 ± 0.41
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 0.04 ± 0.21		− 0.25 ± 0.24		0.82 ± 0.42*
Fasting glucose (mmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	258	8.92 (3.41)	202	8.8 (3.28)	56	9.36 (3.83)	− 0.55 ± 0.56
Usual care^a	86	8.67 (4.03)	71	8.71 (3.96)	15	8.5 (4.5)	0.21 ± 1.25
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.25 ± 0.48		0.1 ± 0.52		0.86 ± 1.27
Insulin all (pmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	248	198.35 (165.85)	186	197.65 (167.17)	62	200.5 (163.21)	− 2.85 ± 24.1
Usual care^a	79	202.17 (172.58)	59	206.68 (187.93)	20	188.77 (119.18)	17.99 ± 36.18
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 3.82 ± 22.09		− 9.1 ± 27.36		11.74 ± 33.75
C-peptide (nmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	247	1.45 (0.71)	185	1.47 (0.72)	62	1.39 (0.69)	0.07 ± 0.1
Usual care^a	79	1.38 (0.82)	59	1.35 (0.82)	20	1.49 (0.84)	− 0.14 ± 0.22
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.07 ± 0.1		0.12 ± 0.12		− 0.09 ± 0.21
HOMA-IR (insulin derived), all
CCI-all education^a	244	11.8 (13.14)	179	11.19 (12.75)	65	13.48 (14.12)	− 2.3 ± 1.99
Usual care^a	78	10.64 (9.12)	56	11.31 (10.05)	22	8.94 (6.03)	2.36 ± 1.86
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		1.16 ± 1.33		− 0.12 ± 1.65		4.54 ± 2.17
HOMA-IR (C-peptide derived)
CCI-all education^a	244	11.52 (7.15)	170	11.44 (6.26)	69	11.72 (9.04)	− 0.28 ± 1.19
Usual care^a	72	11.16 (7.26)	47	10.56 (7.70)	25	12.29 (6.33)	− 1.73 ± 1.69
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.36 ± 0.97		0.88 ± 1.22		− 0.56 ± 1.67
Weight-clinic (kg)
CCI-all education^a	257	116.51 (25.94)	184	115.42 (24.62)	73	119.25 (29.01)	− 3.83 ± 3.85
Usual care^a	83	105.63 (22.15)	69	106.79 (22.18)	14	99.94 (21.86)	6.84 ± 6.42
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		10.87 ± 2.92§		8.63 ± 3.23†		19.3 ± 6.76†
BMI (kg m⁻²)
CCI-all education^a	257	40.43 (8.81)	184	39.87 (7.88)	73	41.82 (10.75)	− 1.94 ± 1.39
Usual care^a	83	36.72 (7.26)	69	37.14 (7.62)	14	34.66 (4.8)	2.48 ± 1.58
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		3.7 ± 0.97‡		2.73 ± 1.09†		7.15 ± 1.8§
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
CCI-all education^a	260	131.94 (14.09)	187	132.51 (14.54)	73	130.47 (12.84)	2.05 ± 1.84
Usual care^a	79	129.8 (13.61)	67	128.72 (12.65)	12	135.83 (17.49)	− 7.12 ± 5.28
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		2.14 ± 1.76		3.8 ± 1.88*		− 5.37 ± 5.27
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
CCI-all education^a	260	82.09 (8.25)	187	81.59 (8.05)	73	83.37 (8.67)	− 1.78 ± 1.17
Usual care^a	79	82.0 (8.93)	67	81.1 (8.07)	12	87.0 (11.95)	− 5.9 ± 3.59
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.09 ± 1.13		0.49 ± 1.15		− 3.63 ± 3.6
Total cholesterol (mmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	247	4.76 (1.07)	186	4.68 (1.03)	61	4.99 (1.15)	− 0.31 ± 0.17
Usual care^a	79	4.76 (1.19)	59	4.72 (1.26)	20	4.88 (0.93)	− 0.16 ± 0.27
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 0.0 ± 0.15		− 0.04 ± 0.18		0.11 ± 0.26
LDL-cholesterol (mmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	232	2.66 (0.85)	172	2.59 (0.84)	60	2.84 (0.86)	− 0.24 ± 0.13
Usual care^a	70	2.63 (0.94)	48	2.60 (0.98)	22	2.69 (0.85)	− 0.09 ± 0.23
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.03 ± 0.13		− 0.01 ± 0.16		0.14 ± 0.21
Apo B (g L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	248	1.05 (0.29)	186	1.03 (0.28)	62	1.1 (0.31)	− 0.06 ± 0.04
Usual care^a	79	1.07 (0.28)	59	1.06 (0.3)	20	1.11 (0.24)	− 0.05 ± 0.07
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 0.02 ± 0.04		− 0.02 ± 0.04		− 0.01 ± 0.07
HDL-C (mmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	247	1.09 (0.35)	186	1.1 (0.36)	61	1.08 (0.32)	0.02 ± 0.05
Usual care^a	79	0.97 (0.29)	59	0.96 (0.29)	20	1.02 (0.29)	− 0.06 ± 0.08
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.12 ± 0.04†		0.14 ± 0.05†		0.06 ± 0.08
Triglycerides (mmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	247	2.23 (1.62)	186	2.27 (1.73)	61	2.11 (1.25)	0.15 ± 0.2
Usual care^a	79	3.2 (4.53)	59	3.36 (5.17)	20	2.72 (1.56)	0.64 ± 0.76
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 0.97 ± 0.52*		− 1.09 ± 0.68		− 0.61 ± 0.38*
Total/HDL-cholesterol
CCI-all education^a	247	4.72 (1.7)	186	4.65 (1.72)	61	4.93 (1.65)	− 0.28 ± 0.25
Usual care^a	79	5.37 (2.42)	59	5.44 (2.63)	20	5.17 (1.72)	0.27 ± 0.52
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 0.65 ± 0.29*		− 0.79 ± 0.36*		− 0.24 ± 0.44
hsC-reactive protein (nmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	249	81.33 (138.0)	193	85.62 (153.05)	56	66.76 (62.1)	18.86 ± 13.81
Usual care^a	85	84.67 (82.1)	70	86.95 (86.95)	15	73.81 (73.81)	13.14 ± 19.14
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 3.24 ± 12.48		− 1.33 ± 15.05		− 7.05 ± 18.19
ALT (µkat L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	257	0.51 (0.38)	201	0.52 (0.41)	56	0.47 (0.27)	0.05 ± 0.05
Usual care^a	86	0.46 (0.33)	71	0.45 (0.34)	15	0.51 (0.29)	− 0.05 ± 0.09
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.05 ± 0.04		0.07 ± 0.05		− 0.04 ± 0.08
AST (µkat L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	257	0.4 (0.25)	201	0.41 (0.28)	56	0.36 (0.15)	0.04 ± 0.03
Usual care^a	86	0.4 (0.32)	71	0.39 (0.35)	15	0.42 (0.16)	− 0.03 ± 0.06
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 0.0 ± 0.04		0.01 ± 0.05		− 0.06 ± 0.05
Alkaline phosphatase (µkat L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	256	1.24 (0.37)	200	1.24 (0.37)	56	1.23 (0.36)	0.01 ± 0.05
Usual care^a	86	1.29 (0.44)	71	1.31 (0.45)	15	1.22 (0.38)	0.09 ± 0.11
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 0.05 ± 0.05		− 0.07 ± 0.06		0.01 ± 0.11
Serum creatinine (µmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	258	77.79 (21.22)	202	77.79 (20.33)	56	81.33 (24.75)	− 3.54 ± 3.54
Usual care^a	86	80.44 (22.1)	71	78.68 (20.33)	15	86.63 (25.64)	− 7.07 ± 7.07
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 1.77 ± 2.65		− 1.77 ± 2.65		− 5.3 ± 7.07
BUN (mmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	258	6.03 (2.34)	202	6.06 (2.15)	56	5.9 (2.96)	0.16 ± 0.42
Usual care^a	86	5.73 (2.23)	71	5.59 (1.86)	15	6.38 (3.52)	− 0.79 ± 0.94
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.3 ± 0.28		0.47 ± 0.27		− 0.47 ± 0.99
eGFR (mL s⁻¹ m⁻²)
CCI-all education^a	258	1.34 (0.23)	202	1.35 (0.22)	56	1.33 (0.25)	0.02 ± 0.04
Usual care^a	86	1.32 (0.23)	71	1.34 (0.22)	15	1.26 (0.28)	0.08 ± 0.08
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.02 ± 0.03		0.02 ± 0.03		0.03 ± 0.08
Anion gap (mmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	257	6.83 (1.67)	201	6.79 (1.7)	56	6.98 (1.53)	− 0.19 ± 0.24
Usual care^a	86	6.93 (1.82)	71	6.92 (1.82)	15	7.0 (1.89)	− 0.08 ± 0.53
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 0.1 ± 0.22		− 0.12 ± 0.25		− 0.02 ± 0.53
Uric acid (µmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	261	347.99 (86.85)	202	348.58 (86.25)	59	346.2 (89.82)	2.38 ± 13.09
Usual care^a	85	333.12 (87.44)	71	330.74 (85.66)	14	345.01 (98.75)	− 14.28 ± 28.55
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		14.87 ± 10.71		17.25 ± 11.9		1.19 ± 29.15
TSH (mIU L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	259	2.32 (1.74)	200	2.31 (1.79)	59	2.38 (1.55)	− 0.07 ± 0.24
Usual care^a	85	1.97 (1.16)	70	2.09 (1.16)	15	1.38 (1.03)	0.71 ± 0.3*
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.36 ± 0.17*		0.21 ± 0.19		1.0 ± 0.33†
Free T4 (pmol L⁻¹)
CCI-all education^a	260	11.84 (2.19)	202	11.84 (2.32)	58	11.58 (2.19)	0.26 ± 0.39
Usual care^a	86	11.33 (3.73)	71	11.33 (3.86)	15	10.94 (2.32)	0.39 ± 0.77
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.51 ± 0.39		0.51 ± 0.51		0.64 ± 0.64
Any diabetes medication, excluding metformin (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	56.87 ± 3.06	218	55.50 ± 3.37	44	63.64 ± 7.25	− 8.13 ± 8.00
Usual care^a	87	66.67 ± 5.05	73	68.49 ± 5.44	14	57.14 ± 13.23	11.35 ± 14.32
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 9.80 ± 5.91		− 12.99± 6.39*		6.49 ± 15.08
Sulfonylurea (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	23.66 ± 2.63	218	24.31 ± 2.91	44	20.45 ± 6.08	3.86 ± 6.74
Usual care^a	87	24.14 ± 4.59	73	23.29 ± 4.95	14	28.57 ± 12.07	− 5.28 ± 13.05
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 0.48 ± 5.29		1.02 ± 5.74		− 8.12± 13.52
Insulin (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	29.77 ± 2.82	218	28.44 ± 3.06	44	36.36 ± 7.25	− 7.92 ± 7.87
Usual care^a	87	45.98 ± 5.34	78	50.0 ± 5.66	9	11.11 ± 10.48	38.89 (1.91)‡
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 16.21 ± 6.04†		− 21.56 ± 6.43‡		25.25 ± 12.74*
Thiazolidinedione (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	1.53 ± 0.76	218	1.83 ± 0.91	44	0.0 ± 0.0	1.83 ± 0.91*
Usual care^a	87	1.15 ± 1.14	73	1.37 ± 1.36	14	0.0 ± 0.0	1.37 ± 1.36
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		0.38 ± 1.37		0.46 ± 1.64		0.0 ± 0.0
SGLT-2 (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	10.31 ± 1.88	218	10.55 ± 2.08	44	9.09 ± 4.33	1.46 ± 4.81
Usual care^a	87	13.79 ± 3.7	73	15.07 ± 4.19	14	7.14 ± 6.88	7.93 ± 8.06
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 3.48 ± 4.15		− 4.52 ± 4.68		1.95 ± 8.13*
DPP-4 (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	9.92 ± 1.85	218	10.09 ± 2.04	44	9.09 ± 4.33	1.0 ± 4.79
Usual care^a	87	8.05 ± 2.92	73	8.22 ± 3.21	14	7.14 ± 6.88	1.08 ± 7.60
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		1.87 ± 3.45		1.87 ± 3.81		1.95 ± 8.13
GLP-1 (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	13.36 ± 2.1	218	12.84 ± 2.27	44	15.91 ± 5.51	− 3.07 ± 5.96
Usual care^a	87	14.94 ± 3.82	73	16.44 ± 4.34	14	7.14 ± 6.88	9.30 ± 8.14
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		− 1.58 ± 4.36		− 3.59 ± 4.89		8.77 ± 8.82
Metformin (%)
CCI-all education^a	262	71.37 ± 2.79	218	71.56 ± 3.06	44	70.45 ± 6.88	1.11 ± 7.53
Usual care^a	87	60.92 ± 5.23	73	61.64 ± 5.69	14	57.14 ± 13.23	4.50 ± 14.40
CCI-all vs. usual care^b		10.45 ± 5.93		9.92 ± 6.46		13.31 ± 14.91

See Table S1 (electronic supplemental materials) for CCI-web, CCI-onsite, and additional comparisons

^aMean and standard deviations for continuous variables, percents and standard errors for categorical variables

^bDifference between means or percentages ± 1 standard error of the difference. Significant baseline difference between means or percentages at 0.05 > P ≥ 0.01 (*); 0.01 > P ≥ 0.001 (†); 0.001 > P ≥ 0.0001 (‡); and P < 0.0001 (§)