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. 2018 Aug 15;9:309. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00309

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Copyright © 2018 Shiao, Chiablaem, Charoensawan, Ngamphaiboon and Jinawath.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overview of the anatomical structures, macroscopic subtypes, and recurrent genetic alterations in ICCs. Left panel; an illustration showing the anatomical structures of biliary system and their associated malignancies. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; ICC, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; PCC, perihilar cholangiocarcinoma; GB, gallbladder cancer; DCC, distal cholangiocarcinoma; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Middle panel; an illustration showing the three macroscopic subtypes of ICC. MF, mass-forming type; PDI, periductal-infiltrating type; IDG, intraductal growth type. Right panel; a summary of recurrent genetic alterations and their reported frequencies in ICCs. ^aThe mutation frequency of each gene is calculated by dividing the combined number of ICC cases presenting the mutation with the total number of ICC cases analyzed in all four cohorts included in the cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics database (www.cbioportal.org). ^bThe frequency of each fusion gene were obtained from previous literatures (Nakamura et al., 2015; Moeini et al., 2016). ^cDifferent hypermethylation patterns of liver fluke-associated and non-liver fluke-associated ICCs and their associated alterations were summarized based on a previous study (Jusakul et al., 2017).