Figure 2.

LL-37-induced anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA production is independent of Rho and Ras GTPase activity. Macrophage-like THP-1 cells were pre-incubated with either (A) the Cdc42/Rac1 inhibitor ML141 (10 µM) or (B) Ras inhibitor FTS (10 µM), for 1 h prior to stimulation with either LL-37 (5 µM), sLL-37 (5 µM), lipopolysaccharide (10 ng/ml), or 0.01% DMSO as vehicle control (VC). Tissue culture supernatants were monitored by ELISA for the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA after 48 h. Results shown as mean ± SE of eight independent experiments (n = 8). Analysis of variance with Bonferroni’s post hoc test was used for statistical analyses (***p < 0.0005).