Table 1.

Input parameter distributions for Monte Carlo Simulations.

	Parameter	Units	Distribution Range
Bee Colony Base Parameters
	Queen Strength		Uniform (1–5)
	Forager Lifespan	days	Uniform (4–16)
Requeening	Requeen Strength		Uniform (1–5)
	Worker to Drone		Uniform (1–5)
Foraging Dynamics
Adult Foragers	Pollen Load	mg/bee	Uniform (0–10)
	Nectar Load	mg/bee	Uniform (0–10)
	Pollen Trips	Per day	Uniform (5–15)
	Nectar Trips	Per day	Uniform (5–15)
Pesticide Toxicity Parameters
Adult	Slope	p(s)/ug a.i./bee	Uniform (1–9)
	LD50	ug a.i./bee	Uniform (0.001–100)
	Slope Contact	p(s)/ug a.i./bee	Uniform (1–10)
	LD50 Contact	ug a.i./bee	Uniform (0.001–100)
Larval	Slope	p(s)/ug a.i./bee	Uniform (1–9)
	LD50	ug a.i./bee	Uniform (0.001–100)
	Kow	unitless	Uniform (0.1–100,000)
	Koc	unitless	Uniform (1–100,000)
	Contact Dose Factor	ug/mL/bee	Uniform (0.26–2.4)
Foliar Treatment	Half-life	days	Uniform (0.1–35)
	Application Rate	lb/A	Uniform (0.001–10)
Soil Treatment	Soil P	g/cm3	Uniform (1–2)
	Soil Foc	unitless	Uniform (0.001–0.02)
	Soil Concentration	ppm	1.0
Seed Treatment	Seed Concentration	ppm	Uniform (1–10)
Pollen and Nectar Consumption
Life Stage	Caste (task in hive)	Average age (in days)	Daily intake rate (IR; mg/day)
			Nectarb	Pollen
Larval	Larval Worker	4	Uniform (0–100)	Uniform (0–4)
		5	Uniform (0–150)	Uniform (0–6)
	Larval Drone	5	Uniform (0–150)e	Uniform (0–6)e
Adult	Worker (cell cleaning and capping)	1–3	Uniform (20–100)d	Uniform (2.2–8.2)c
	Worker (brood and queen tending, nurse bees)	4–10	Uniform (20–200)d	Uniform (2.2–9.5)c
	Worker (comb building, cleaning and food handling)	11–20	Uniform (20–100)d	Uniform (0–3)c
	Drone	>10	Uniform (133–337)	0a
	Forager	>18	Uniform (170–500)	0a

^aNegligible amount consumed.

^bConsumption of honey was converted to nectar-equivalents using sugar contents of honey and nectar.

^cCrailsheim et al. (1992, 1993).

^dRortais et al. (2005).

^ePollen consumption rates for drone larvae are unknown. Pollen consumption rates for worker larvae are used as a surrogate.