Table 3.
Association between caregiver experiences of racism and child health service utilisation, with findings presented for unadjusted models (M0) to models that are adjusted for potential confounders and pathway variables
| Dissatisfied with child’s medical centre*† | No usual healthcare provider | Unmet need for healthcare | ||
| OR (95% CI) | Pooled OR (95% CI) | Pooled OR (95% CI) | ||
| Model for any racial discrimination (‘ever’) | ||||
| M0: unadjusted | 2.48 (1.62 to 3.81) | 1.23 (0.81 to 1.90) | 2.53 (1.68 to 3.80) | |
| M1: ethnicity, gender and age | 2.39 (1.56 to 3.65) | 1.10 (0.71 to 1.72) | 2.34 (1.65 to 3.32) | |
| M2a: caregiver satisfaction with own health service | 1.98 (1.25 to 3.14) | NA | NA | |
| M2b: neighbourhood deprivation, highest educational qualification | 2.00 (1.26 to 3.16) | 1.11 (0.71 to 1.72) | 2.30 (1.65 to 3.20) | |
| M3: psychological distress | 1.76 (1.11 to 2.79) | 1.07 (0.67 to 1.71) | 1.89 (1.14 to 3.12) | |
| Model for level of racial discrimination | Level | |||
| M0: unadjusted | 1 report 2+ reports |
2.40 (1.53 to 3.76) 2.60 (1.23 to 5.51) |
1.18 (0.71 to 1.98) 1.28 (0.61 to 2.67) |
2.07 (1.48 to 2.91) 3.38 (1.22 to 9.35) |
| M1: ethnicity, gender and age | 1 report 2+ reports |
2.29 (1.42 to 3.68) 2.55 (1.26 to 5.17) |
1.08 (0.64 to 1.81) 1.15 (0.61 to 2.15) |
1.93 (1.38 to 2.71) 3.09 (1.23 to 7.72) |
| M2a: caregiver satisfaction with own health service | 1 report 2+ reports |
1.94 (1.14 to 3.30) 2.00 (1.03 to 3.88) |
NA NA |
NA NA |
| M2b: neighbourhood deprivation, highest educational qualification | 1 report 2+ reports |
2.02 (1.18 to 3.46) 1.90 (1.00 to 3.60) |
1.07 (0.64 to 1.80) 1.15 (0.62 to 2.16) |
1.89 (1.34 to 2.67) 3.06 (1.27 to 7.37) |
| M3: psychological distress | 1 report 2+ reports |
1.81 (1.08 to 3.04) 1.67 (0.84 to 3.35) |
1.04 (0.61 to 1.78) 1.05 (0.47 to 2.35) |
1.60 (1.12 to 2.29) 2.43 (0.84 to 6.99) |
*This variable was only available for the 2011/2012 New Zealand Health Survey; thus, meta-analytical techniques were note used. These models were additionally adjusted for caregiver satisfaction with own health service (M2a).
†Response options were categorised as ‘very dissatisfied/dissatisfied/neither satisfied or dissatisfied’ versus ‘very satisfied/satisfied’.
NA, not applicable.