Table 3.
(a)Selected CRDS and CEAS instruments used to quantify NO3 mixing ratios in ambient air. (b) Selected instruments used to quantify NO3 and N2O5 mixing ratios in ambient air other than by cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy.
| (a)
| ||
|---|---|---|
| Principle of measurement (laser pulse rate) | LOD or precision (integration time) | Reference |
| BB-CEAS | 2.5 pptv (8.6 min) | Ball et al. (2004) |
| BB-CRDS | 1 pptv (100 s) | Bitter et al. (2005) |
| Off-axis cw CRDS (500 Hz) | 2 pptv (5 s) | Ayers and Simpson (2006) |
| On-axis pDL-CRDS (33 Hz) | <1 pptv (1 s) | Dubé et al. (2006) |
| BB-CEAS | 4 pptv (60 s) | Venables et al. (2006) |
| pDL-CRDS (10 Hz) | 2.2 pptv (100 s) | Nakayama et al. (2008) |
| Off-axis cw CRDS (200 Hz) | 2 pptv (5 s) | Schuster et al. (2009), Crowley et al. (2010) |
| CE-DOAS | 6.3 pptv (300 s) | Platt et al. (2009), Meinen et al. (2010) |
| BB-CEAS | 2 pptv (15 s) | Langridge et al. (2008), Benton et al. (2010) |
| BB-CEAS | < 2 pptv (1s) | Kennedy et al. (2011) |
| On-axis cw-CRDS (500 Hz) | <1 pptv (1 s) | Wagner et al. (2011) |
| On-axis cw-CRDS (300 Hz) | 8 pptv (10 s) | Odame-Ankrah and Osthoff (2011) |
| BB-CEAS | 1 pptv (1 s) | Le Breton et al. (2014) |
| BB-CEAS | 7.9 pptv (60 s) | Wu et al. (2014) |
| (b)
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Principle of measurement | LOD or precision e(integration time) | Species detected | Reference |
| MIESR | < 2 pptv (30 min) | NO3 | Geyer et al. (1999) |
| CIMS | 12 pptv (1 s) | NO3 + N2O5 | Slusher et al. (2004) |
| LIF | 11 pptv (10 min) | NO3 | Matsumoto et al. (2005a), Matsumoto et al. (2005b) |
| LIF | 28 pptv (10 min) | NO3 | Wood et al. (2005) |
| CIMS | 30 pptv (30 s) | N2O5 | Zheng et al. (2008) |
| CIMS | 5 pptv (1 min) | N2O5 | Kercher et al. (2009) |
| CIMS | 7.4 pptv (1 s) | N2O5 | Le Breton et al. (2014) |
| CIMS | 39 pptv (6 s) | N2O5 | Wang et al. (2014) |
CEAS = cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy; CRDS = cavity ring-down spectroscopy; BB = broadband; pDL = pulsed dye laser; CE-DOAS = cavity-enhanced differential optical absorption spectroscopy; cw = continuous-wave diode laser. MIESR = matrix isolation electron spin resonance; CIMS = chemical ionization mass spectrometry; LIF = laser-induced fluorescence; LOD = limit of detection.