Table 3. Hazard ratios of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy in association with sex, age, and comorbidities in univariable and multivariable Cox regression models.
| NPDR | ||
|---|---|---|
| Variable | Crude HR (95% CI) |
Adjusted HR† (95% CI) |
| Cataract surgery | 1.44 (1.12, 1.86)** | 1.48 (1.15, 1.91)** |
| Gender (Women vs Men) | 1.29 (1.01, 1.65)* | 1.24 (0.96, 1.60) |
| Age, years | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) |
| Baseline comorbidities (yes vs no) | ||
| Hypertension | 1.36 (1.003, 1.85)* | 1.09 (0.75, 1.58) |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.96 (0.75, 1.24) | 0.93 (0.69, 1.25) |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 2.53 (1.74, 3.67)*** | 1.36 (0.92, 2.01) |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 2.86 (1.64, 5.01)*** | 1.59 (0.90, 2.81) |
| Heart disease | 0.97 (0.75, 1.24) | 0.98 (0.75, 1.29) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.45 (1.00, 2.11) | 1.21 (0.82, 1.78) |
| Peripheral arteriolar disease | 0.80 (0.47, 1.34) | 0.82 (0.48, 1.39) |
| Medications | ||
| Statin | 0.99(0.75, 1.31) | 0.79 (0.58, 1.08) |
| Fibrate | 1.22 (0.91, 1.63) | 1.01 (0.73, 1.39) |
| ACEI | 1.45 (1.12, 1.87)** | 1.05 (0.77, 1.44) |
| OHA | 5.28 (3.86, 7.24)*** | 4.54 (3.23, 6.38)*** |
| Insulin | 3.05 (2.31, 4.03)*** | 1.45 (1.07, 1.96)* |
Crude HR: relative hazard ratio; Adjusted HR†: adjusted hazard ratio controlled for age; sex; and comorbidities of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and peripheral arteriolar disease; and statin, fibrate, ACEI use, OHA, and insulin
*P < 0.05
**P < 0.01
***P < 0.001