Table 1.
Summary of previous work examining PCC-R and accuracy of early-, middle-, and late-developing sounds in the English of bilingual Spanish–English–speaking preschoolers.
| Publication | N (total subjects, bilingual and monolingual) | Chronological age (years;months) | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goldstein, Bunta, Lange, Rodríguez, & Burrows (2010) | 50 | 4;3–7;1 | Average English PCC-R scores were approximately 92% for bilingual children with differing amounts of language exposure and use. |
| Goldstein, Fabiano, & Washington (2005) | 15 | 5;0–5;5 (x = 5;2) | No significant difference between monolinguals (96.54%) and bilinguals (94.81%) on PCC in English. |
| Goldstein & Washington (2001) | 12 | 4;0–4;11 (x = 4;7) | English PCC for place of articulation was 94%, with place and manner approaching mastery. No comparison to monolingual English speakers. |
| Gildersleeve-Neumann et al. (2008) | 29 | 3;1–3;10 (x = 3;6) | Monolingual English speakers produced significantly higher consonant accuracy (PCC = 77%–78%) than predominantly English speakers (PCC = 70%–71%), who demonstrated significantly higher consonant accuracy than balanced bilinguals (PCC = 53%–55%). |
| Bunta, Fabiano-Smith, Goldstein, & Ingram (2009) | 8 | 3;0–3;11 (x = 3;3) | Monolingual English speakers demonstrated significantly higher PCC (84.88%) than bilingual children (72.85%). |
| Fabiano-Smith & Goldstein (2010a) | 24 | 3;0–4;0 | Accuracy of English early-developing sounds was 93.3%, accuracy of middle-developing sounds was 86.53%, and accuracy of late-developing sounds reached 74.1%. The English productions of monolingual English-speaking children and bilingual children differed significantly on accuracy of early-developing sounds but did not differ in English on middle- or late-developing sounds. |
| Fabiano-Smith & Goldstein (2010b) | 24 | 3;0–4;0 | Overall PCC in English for monolinguals was 84.1%, and overall PCC for bilinguals reached 72.31% (no significant difference). |
| Burrows & Goldstein (2010) | 24 | 3;1–5;2 | PCC was higher in monolingual English speakers with phonological disorders (70.59%), but not significantly higher than bilingual children with speech sound disorders in English (60.55%). |
Note. PCC-R = Percentage Consonants Correct–Revised; PCC = Percentage Consonants Correct.