Table 2.

Magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy methods

Study	Availability of MRI before tissue sampling	MRI criteria for spondylodiscitis	MRI readers	Time between MRI and biopsy	Time between the initial and second biopsies	Type of image guidance for biopsy	Gauge, number of samples	Tissue targeted	Second biopsy of the same area as first biopsy	Physician(s) who performed biopsy
Ahuja and Sharma [10]	Yes	NR	NR	NR	NR	CT	NR, NR	NR	NR	Radiologist
Terreaux et al. [11]	Yes (in 60/63 [95%])	NR	NR	NR	14.4a ± 7.9	CT or fluoroscopic	11 to 14, NR	Disc	NR	NR
Gras et al. [12]	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	CT	NR, 2.5a	Vertebral corpus	NR	Interventional radiologist
Kim et al. [13]	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Fluoroscopic	15, >2	Vertebral corpus/disc/paravertebral abscess	22/26 same area 4/26 different area	NR
Gasbarrini et al. [14]	Yes	Hypointense on T1, hyperintense on T2, morphologically consistent with infection	NR	NR	NR	CT	8 or 11, NR	Bone/disc	NR	Both interventional radiologist and surgeon, whenever possible
Lora-Tamayo et al. [15]	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	CT	13.55 to 22b, NR	Vertebral corpus/disc/abscess/paraspinal phlegmon	NR	Musculoskeletal radiologists
De Lucas et al. [16]	Yes (in 32/40 [80%])	NR	Radiologist	NR	NR	CT	20–22, NAc	Vertebral corpus/disc/paravertebral soft tissue/abscess	NR	NR
Friedman et al. [17]	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Disc	NR	NR

CT computed tomography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, NR not reported, NA not applicable

^aMean

^bBoth biopsies and aspirations were performed

^cAspiration