. 2018 Apr 17;107(9):778–787. doi: 10.1007/s00392-018-1245-z

Table 1.

Automated advanced data warehouse interrogation to detect heart failure

Subquery name^a	Search terms (including synonyms and word parts in German language)	HF detection algorithms
Subquery name^a		M _ICD	M _Expert	A _Precision	A _Sensitivity	A _F1
Echo-EF ≤ 45	lvef ≤ 45		×	×		×
Echo-EF < 50	lvef < 50
ICD-Any-HF	I13.2, I13.0, I11, I50 (including more specific diagnosis)	×	×		×	×
Text-Heart-Failure	herzschw* OR herzinsuff*		×	×	×	×
Text-Cardiac-Decompensation	(card\| kard\| kardiopulmo\| cardiopulmo\| hydrop\| herz\| link)* dek*		×		×	×
Text-Systolic-Failure	(card\| kard\| cardiopulmo\| kardiopulmo\| hydrop\| herz)* pumpvers* OR vorwärtsversag* OR (kard\| card)* schock*		×	×	×	×
Text-Dilated-Cardiomyopathy	dilat* (kardiomy\| cardiomy)* OR dcm				×
Text-NYHA	nyha		×		×
Text-Left-HF	(kard\|linksherz)* insuff*		×		×
Text-Right-HF	(rechtsherz\| diast)* insuff*		×
Text-Reduced-LV-Function	(komp\| reduzierte\| eingeschränkte\| verminderte)* (link\| sys)* ventr* funkti* OR (komp\| reduzierte\| eingeschränkte\| verminderte)* lv funkti* OR ventrik* (komp\| reduzierte\| eingeschränkte \|verminderte)* funkti* OR sys* dysfunkti*		×		×
Text-Reduced-RV-Function	(komp\| reduzierte\| eingeschränkte\| verminderte)* (rechts\| dias)* ventr* funkti* OR (komp\| reduzierte\| eingeschränkte\| verminderte)* rv funkti* OR dias* dysfunkti*		×
Text-Pulmonary-Edema	lungödem OR lungstau OR staulung		×
Text-Left-Ventricular-Hypertrophy	lv hypertr* OR linkventr hypertr*				×
Text-Left-Atrial-Enlargement	(linkvorho\| linkatri\| la) (verg\| dilat\| hypertr)*				×
Text-Diastolic-Dysfunction	(komp\| eingeschr\| vermind)* (ventr\| dias)* funkti* OR dias* (dysfunkti\| relaxstör*)				×
Lab-NT-proBNP ≥ 1000	nt-probnp (pg/mL) ≥ 1000
Lab-NT-proBNP ≥ 3000	nt-probnp (pg/mL) ≥ 3000

M_Expert indicates the initially defined query by the clinical expert and a computer scientist. M_ICD indicates the algorithm using sole ICD codes for comparison. A_F1, A_Precision, and A_Sensitivity indicate search algorithms optimized using permutation testing. Queries use Boolean “OR” operators, which means that each single hit justifies presence of heart failure

LV left ventricular, RV right ventricular, EF ejection fraction, HF heart failure, NYHA New York Heart Association, DCM dilated cardiomyopathy, NT-proBNP N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide

^aSources: Echo echocardiography report, ICD ICD diagnosis, Text unstructured text from discharge letter, Lab laboratory value from routine laboratory testing