Table 2.

Predictors of DD total score and subscales and HbA_1c (n = 301)

	Descriptive statistics			Effect size (d)	Model results (F value)
	All subjects (n = 301)	KnowIt (n = 149)	OnTrack (n = 152)		Time	Treatment group	Time × treatment
Total DD
Baseline	2.88 (0.61)	2.87 (0.63)	2.90 (0.60)
3 months	2.24 (0.63)	2.25 (0.65)	2.23 (0.62)
9 months	2.17 (0.59)	2.18 (0.65)	2.15 (0.52)
0–3 months					281.26***	0.00	0.36
3–9 months					5.44*	0.13	0.00
0–9 months				1.06	338.98***	0.00	1.85
Powerlessness
Baseline	4.09 (0.98)	4.04 (0.98)	4.14 (0.97)
3 months	3.02 (1.05)	3.04 (1.10)	3.00 (1.01)
9 months	2.91 (1.03)	2.98 (1.11)	2.97 (0.94)
0–3 months					257.47***	0.10	1.13
3–9 months					2.93	0.40	0.14
0–9 months				0.98	286.93***	0.00	1.85
Diabetes management
Baseline	3.38 (1.13)	3.29 (1.10)	3.46 (1.15)
3 months	2.41 (1.03)	2.35 (0.99)	2.47 (1.07)
9 months	2.93 (0.95)	2.37 (0.94)	2.42 (0.96)
0–3 months					237.41***	1.73	0.19
3–9 months					0.10	0.67	0.32
0–9 months				0.92	256.74***	1.13	0.93
Hypoglycemia distress
Baseline	2.66 (1.17)	2.64 (1.18)	2.68 (1.17)
3 months	2.18 (1.03)	2.18 (1.07)	2.18 (0.98)
9 months	2.02 (0.86)	2.00 (0.84)	2.05 (0.89)
0–3 months					65.07***	0.2	0.03
3–9 months					9.25**	0.08	0.20
0–9 months				0.61	111.69***	0.14	0.05
Negative social perceptions
Baseline	2.26 (1.14)	2.30 (1.04)	2.22 (1.23)
3 months	1.83 (0.98)	1.90 (1.04)	1.75 (0.92)
9 months	1.73 (0.93)	1.76 (0.96)	1.70 (0.89)
0–3 months					63.58***	1.14	0.46
3–9 months					3.29	1.20	0.86
0–9 months				0.55	88.70***	0.44	0.03
Eating distress
Baseline	3.45 (1.23)	3.42 (1.25)	3.48 (1.22)
3 months	2.63 (1.12)	2.67 (1.15)	2.59 (1.11)
9 months	2.63 (1.11)	2.60 (1.11)	2.65 (1.12)
0–3 months					131.67***	0.01	0.95
3–9 months					0.00	0.01	1.08
0–9 months				0.65	127.02***	0.25	0.00
Physician distress
Baseline	1.96 (1.10)	2.00 (1.11)	1.92 (1.08)
3 months	1.77 (1.05)	1.74 (1.04)	1.81 (1.07)
9 months	1.71 (0.96)	1.81 (1.04)	1.62 (0.86)
0–3 months					10.73**	0.1	1.80
3–9 months					1.13	0.38	5.27*
0–9 months				0.23	15.85***	1.92	0.70
Friend and family distress
Baseline	2.23 (1.14)	2.24 (1.19)	2.22 (1.10)
3 months	1.78 (0.90)	1.81 (0.91)	1.74 (0.89)
9 months	1.69 (0.88)	1.66 (0.92)	1.72 (0.85)
0–3 months					72.16***	0.18	0.13
3–9 months					3.29	0.00	1.59
0–9 months				0.53	85.11***	0.02	0.45
HbA1c
Baseline	8.80 (1.12)	8.77 (1.13)	8.83 (1.11)
3 months	8.67 (1.19)	8.60 (1.18)	8.74 (1.21)
9 months	8.62 (1.22)	8.59 (1.25)	8.65 (1.19)
0–3 months					8.95**	0.60	0.83
3–9 months					1.30	0.53	0.84
0–9 months					14.90***	0.20	0.00

Data are mean (SD) unless otherwise specified.

DD scores range from 1 to 6, with ≥2.0 indicating significant distress.

*P < 0.05.

**P < 0.01.

***P < 0.001.