Table 1.
Patient characteristics of IBT and comparator initiators*
| DPP4i vs. SU |
DPP4i vs. TZD |
GLP1RA vs. LAI |
GLP1RA vs. TZD |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPP4i (N = 39,292)† | SU (N = 87,073) | Weighted SU‡ (N = 39,482) | DPP4i (N = 51,410)† | TZD (N = 22,231) | Weighted TZD‡ (N = 51,450) | GLP1R (N = 9,561)† | LAI (N = 82,849) | Weighted LAI‡ (N = 9,595) | GLP1RA (N = 10,355)† | TZD (N = 27,345) | Weighted TZD‡ (N = 10,768) | |
| Age, mean ± SD |
76.5 ± 7.01 |
76.7 ± 7.19 |
76.4 ± 6.99 |
76.0 ± 6.73 |
75.4 ± 6.51 |
76.0 ± 6.75 |
73.0 ± 5.17 |
76.9 ± 7.49 |
73.0 ± 5.18 |
72.7 ± 5.01 |
75.5 ± 6.51 |
72.5 ± 5.01 |
| Male |
15,461 (39.3) |
35,631 (40.9) |
15,504 (39.3) |
20,307 (39.5) |
9,262 (41.7) |
20,642 (40.1) |
3,970 (41.5) |
35,069 (42.3) |
3,986 (41.5) |
4,018 (38.8) |
11,424 (41.8) |
4,242 (39.4) |
| Race |
||||||||||||
| White |
30,064 (76.5) |
69,824 (80.2) |
30,268 (76.7) |
39,951 (77.7) |
16,708 (75.2) |
40,663 (79.0) |
8,279 (86.6) |
64,568 (77.9) |
8,304 (86.5) |
8,809 (85.1) |
20,234 (74.0) |
9,294 (86.3) |
| Black |
4,081 (10.4) |
9,300 (10.7) |
4,066 (10.3) |
5,112 (9.9) |
2,301 (10.4) |
4,698 (9.1) |
599 (6.3) |
10,434 (12.6) |
606 (6.3) |
795 (7.7) |
2,819 (10.3) |
747 (6.9) |
| Others |
5,147 (13.1) |
7,949 (9.1) |
5,148 (13.0) |
6,347 (12.3) |
3,222 (14.5) |
6,089 (11.8) |
683 (7.1) |
7,847 (9.5) |
685 (7.1) |
751 (7.3) |
4,292 (15.7) |
727 (6.7) |
| Calendar year of drug initiation |
||||||||||||
| 2008 |
2,280 (5.8) |
9,077 (10.4) |
2,287 (5.8) |
2,557 (5.0) |
4,004 (18.0) |
2,561 (5.0) |
527 (5.5) |
7,583 (9.2) |
524 (5.5) |
288 (2.8) |
4,280 (15.7) |
285 (2.6) |
| 2009 |
3,065 (7.8) |
12,520 (14.4) |
3,057 (7.7) |
3,840 (7.5) |
5,200 (23.4) |
3,836 (7.5) |
590 (6.2) |
10,474 (12.6) |
587 (6.1) |
433 (4.2) |
5,860 (21.4) |
429 (4.0) |
| 2010 |
3,993 (10.2) |
11,933 (13.7) |
4,008 (10.2) |
4,925 (9.6) |
4,306 (19.4) |
4,921 (9.6) |
775 (8.1) |
10,400 (12.6) |
773 (8.1) |
557 (5.4) |
5,094 (18.6) |
551 (5.1) |
| 2011 |
6,039 (15.4) |
11,487 (13.2) |
6,072 (15.4) |
6,926 (13.5) |
2,454 (11.0) |
6,959 (13.5) |
1,108 (11.6) |
10,762 (13.0) |
1,100 (11.5) |
923 (8.9) |
3,113 (11.4) |
914 (8.5) |
| 2012 |
6,316 (16.1) |
10,774 (12.4) |
6,370 (16.1) |
7,888 (15.3) |
1,272 (5.7) |
7,843 (15.2) |
1,361 (14.2) |
11,361 (13.7) |
1,364 (14.2) |
1,410 (13.6) |
1,691 (6.2) |
1,383 (12.8) |
| 2013 |
5,605 (14.3) |
10,989 (12.6) |
5,623 (14.2) |
8,162 (15.9) |
1,556 (7.0) |
8,115 (15.8) |
1,674 (17.5) |
11,471 (13.8) |
1,701 (17.7) |
1,984 (19.2) |
2,164 (7.9) |
2,105 (19.6) |
| 2014 |
6,417 (16.3) |
11,221 (12.9) |
6,464 (16.4) |
9,243 (18.0) |
1,776 (8.0) |
9,307 (18.1) |
1,713 (17.9) |
11,373 (13.7) |
1,719 (17.9) |
2,296 (22.2) |
2,686 (9.8) |
2,451 (22.8) |
| 2015 |
5,577 (14.2) |
9,072 (10.4) |
5,601 (14.2) |
7,869 (15.3) |
1,663 (7.5) |
7,909 (15.4) |
1,813 (19.0) |
9,425 (11.4) |
1,827 (19.0) |
2,464 (23.8) |
2,457 (9.0) |
2,650 (24.6) |
| Eye comorbidities |
||||||||||||
| Retinopathy |
4,555 (11.6) |
8,156 (9.4) |
4,594 (11.6) |
6,094 (11.9) |
2,711 (12.2) |
6,120 (11.9) |
1,025 (10.7) |
11,734 (14.2) |
1,032 (10.8) |
1,382 (13.3) |
3,447 (12.6) |
1,402 (13.0) |
| AMD |
5,173 (13.2) |
11,650 (13.4) |
5,177 (13.1) |
6,243 (12.1) |
2,479 (11.2) |
6,135 (11.9) |
885 (9.3) |
10,975 (13.2) |
886 (9.2) |
951 (9.2) |
3,074 (11.2) |
935 (8.7) |
| Retinal detachment and defects |
562 (1.4) |
1,271 (1.5) |
558 (1.4) |
708 (1.4) |
327 (1.5) |
710 (1.4) |
153 (1.6) |
1,168 (1.4) |
151 (1.6) |
176 (1.7) |
399 (1.5) |
178 (1.7) |
| Other retinal disorders |
6,671 (17.0) |
13,434 (15.4) |
6,656 (16.9) |
8,229 (16.0) |
3,275 (14.7) |
8,497 (16.5) |
1,561 (16.3) |
13,871 (16.7) |
1,568 (16.3) |
1,702 (16.4) |
4,098 (15.0) |
1,796 (16.7) |
| Cataracts |
20,852 (53.1) |
47,001 (54.0) |
20,884 (52.9) |
27,721 (53.9) |
12,281 (55.2) |
27,812 (54.1) |
5,439 (56.9) |
42,068 (50.8) |
5,457 (56.9) |
5,817 (56.2) |
14,983 (54.8) |
6,095 (56.6) |
| Glaucoma |
11,470 (29.2) |
23,446 (26.9) |
11,454 (29.0) |
14,646 (28.5) |
6,031 (27.1) |
14,467 (28.1) |
2,374 (24.8) |
22,038 (26.6) |
2,402 (25.0) |
2,554 (24.7) |
7,619 (27.9) |
2,662 (24.7) |
| Other eye diseases§ |
20,202 (51.4) |
42,616 (48.9) |
20,201 (51.2) |
25,172 (49.0) |
10,144 (45.6) |
25,078 (48.7) |
4,514 (47.2) |
39,448 (47.6) |
4,536 (47.3) |
4,863 (47.0) |
12,722 (46.5) |
5,067 (47.1) |
| Diabetes comorbidities |
||||||||||||
| Nephropathy |
4,152 (10.6) |
6,981 (8.0) |
4,231 (10.7) |
4,920 (9.6) |
1,784 (8.0) |
4,997 (9.7) |
1,031 (10.8) |
13,331 (16.1) |
1,030 (10.7) |
1,332 (12.9) |
2,382 (8.7) |
1,367 (12.7) |
| Neuropathy |
9,359 (23.8) |
16,053 (18.4) |
9,497 (24.1) |
11,646 (22.7) |
4,334 (19.5) |
11,775 (22.9) |
2,497 (26.1) |
23,903 (28.9) |
2,515 (26.2) |
3,106 (30.0) |
5,622 (20.6) |
3,332 (30.9) |
| Cardiovascular comorbidities |
||||||||||||
| Hypertension |
36,239 (92.2) |
79,172 (90.9) |
36,430 (92.3) |
47,316 (92.0) |
19,959 (89.8) |
47,251 (91.8) |
8,797 (92.0) |
77,018 (93.0) |
8,833 (92.1) |
9,589 (92.6) |
24,663 (90.2) |
10,018 (93.0) |
| Dyslipidemia |
34,813 (88.6) |
72,664 (83.5) |
35,048 (88.8) |
45,699 (88.9) |
19,107 (85.9) |
45,930 (89.3) |
8,742 (91.4) |
69,448 (83.8) |
8,785 (91.6) |
9,436 (91.1) |
23,736 (86.8) |
9,852 (91.5) |
| Coronary artery disease |
17,011 (43.3) |
35,638 (40.9) |
17,106 (43.3) |
17,843 (34.7) |
6,881 (31.0) |
17,777 (34.6) |
3,560 (37.2) |
41,977 (50.7) |
3,569 (37.2) |
3,596 (34.7) |
8,592 (31.4) |
3,681 (34.2) |
| Cerebrovascular disease |
9,814 (25.0) |
20,423 (23.5) |
9,854 (25.0) |
10,517 (20.5) |
4,066 (18.3) |
10,256 (19.9) |
1,629 (17.0) |
25,924 (31.3) |
1,622 (16.9) |
1,728 (16.7) |
4,991 (18.3) |
1,811 (16.8) |
| Peripheral vascular disease |
9,258 (23.6) |
17,991 (20.7) |
9,259 (23.5) |
9,722 (18.9) |
3,644 (16.4) |
9,535 (18.5) |
1,632 (17.1) |
23,533 (28.4) |
1,633 (17.0) |
1,689 (16.3) |
4,630 (16.9) |
1,732 (16.1) |
| Congestive heart failure‖ |
9,067 (23.1) |
20,131 (23.1) |
9,127 (23.1) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1,501 (15.7) |
28,941 (34.9) |
1,494 (15.6) |
NA |
NA |
NA |
| Other comorbidities |
||||||||||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
8,264 (21.0) |
19,171 (22.0) |
8,271 (20.9) |
7,186 (14.0) |
2,903 (13.1) |
7,053 (13.7) |
1,543 (16.1) |
23,423 (28.3) |
1,550 (16.2) |
1,408 (13.6) |
3,539 (12.9) |
1,464 (13.6) |
| Depression |
7,223 (18.4) |
14,971 (17.2) |
7,274 (18.4) |
7,511 (14.6) |
2,839 (12.8) |
7,429 (14.4) |
1,570 (16.4) |
19,073 (23.0) |
1,568 (16.3) |
1,838 (17.7) |
3,443 (12.6) |
1,944 (18.1) |
| Cancer |
7,918 (20.2) |
17,489 (20.1) |
7,908 (20.0) |
9,608 (18.7) |
3,660 (16.5) |
9,723 (18.9) |
1,636 (17.1) |
18,537 (22.4) |
1,632 (17.0) |
1,767 (17.1) |
4,544 (16.6) |
1,814 (16.8) |
| Chronic kidney disease¶ |
11,913 (30.3) |
24,822 (28.5) |
11,994 (30.4) |
12,879 (25.1) |
4,640 (20.9) |
12,949 (25.2) |
2,327 (24.3) |
36,390 (43.9) |
2,340 (24.4) |
2,593 (25.0) |
6,032 (22.1) |
2,709 (25.2) |
| Comedications |
||||||||||||
| Metformin |
25,399 (64.6) |
49,479 (56.8) |
25,782 (65.3) |
37,162 (72.3) |
14,924 (67.1) |
37,247 (72.4) |
6,969 (72.9) |
44,333 (53.5) |
7,016 (73.1) |
7,038 (68.0) |
18,736 (68.5) |
7,303 (67.8) |
| SU‖ |
NA |
87,073 (100.0) |
39,482 (100.0) |
26,736 (52.0) |
12,047 (54.2) |
27,086 (52.6) |
5,695 (59.6) |
49,977 (60.3) |
5,831 (60.8) |
5,036 (48.6) |
15,461 (56.5) |
5,195 (48.2) |
| TZD‖ |
7,384 (18.8) |
10,736 (12.3) |
7,586 (19.2) |
NA |
22,231 (100.0) |
51,450 (100.0) |
2,180 (22.8) |
14,537 (17.5) |
2,237 (23.3) |
NA |
27,345 (100.0) |
10,768 (100.0) |
| DPP4i‖ |
39,292 (100.0) |
NA |
NA |
51,410 (100.0) |
NA |
NA |
3,594 (37.6) |
20,581 (24.8) |
3,716 (38.7) |
4,942 (30.1) |
9,093 (18.7) |
31.6 |
| GLP1RA‖ |
943 (2.4) |
1,480 (1.7) |
991 (2.5) |
1,219 (2.4) |
623 (2.8) |
1,249 (2.4) |
9,561 (100.0) |
NA |
NA |
16,444 (100.0) |
NA |
NA |
| LAI‖ |
8,363 (21.3) |
12,108 (13.9) |
8,612 (21.8) |
8,187 (15.9) |
3,355 (15.1) |
8,282 (16.1) |
NA |
82,849 (100.0) |
9,595 (100.0) |
4,229 (40.8) |
4,006 (14.6) |
4,657 (43.2) |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitors |
225 (0.6) |
295 (0.3) |
234 (0.6) |
423 (0.8) |
170 (0.8) |
426 (0.8) |
148 (1.5) |
979 (1.2) |
154 (1.6) |
132 (1.3) |
269 (1.0) |
188 (1.7) |
| Meglitinides |
1,819 (4.6) |
2,207 (2.5) |
1,906 (4.8) |
1,548 (3.0) |
577 (2.6) |
1,681 (3.3) |
374 (3.9) |
3,846 (4.6) |
393 (4.1) |
326 (3.1) |
869 (3.2) |
333 (3.1) |
| ACE inhibitors |
17,133 (43.6) |
40,642 (46.7) |
17,242 (43.7) |
24,076 (46.8) |
11,020 (49.6) |
23,940 (46.5) |
4,401 (46.0) |
40,539 (48.9) |
4,419 (46.1) |
4,849 (46.8) |
13,504 (49.4) |
4,996 (46.4) |
| ARBs |
13,857 (35.3) |
23,190 (26.6) |
13,996 (35.4) |
17,281 (33.6) |
6,293 (28.3) |
17,227 (33.5) |
3,532 (36.9) |
22,644 (27.3) |
3,576 (37.3) |
3,838 (37.1) |
8,196 (30.0) |
4,070 (37.8) |
| β-Blockers |
21,930 (55.8) |
48,452 (55.6) |
21,992 (55.7) |
26,899 (52.3) |
10,351 (46.6) |
26,867 (52.2) |
5,002 (52.3) |
49,548 (59.8) |
5,032 (52.4) |
5,325 (51.4) |
12,904 (47.2) |
5,596 (52.0) |
| Calcium-channel blockers |
15,060 (38.3) |
32,393 (37.2) |
15,101 (38.2) |
19,400 (37.7) |
7,758 (34.9) |
19,149 (37.2) |
3,289 (34.4) |
33,556 (40.5) |
3,318 (34.6) |
3,634 (35.1) |
9,706 (35.5) |
3,724 (34.6) |
| Statins |
28,536 (72.6) |
56,987 (65.4) |
28,741 (72.8) |
37,329 (72.6) |
15,120 (68.0) |
37,390 (72.7) |
7,230 (75.6) |
56,132 (67.8) |
7,254 (75.6) |
7,882 (76.1) |
19,024 (69.6) |
8,134 (75.5) |
| Loop diuretics |
10,891 (27.7) |
25,207 (28.9) |
10,939 (27.7) |
8,865 (17.2) |
3,290 (14.8) |
9,099 (17.7) |
2,403 (25.1) |
33,119 (40.0) |
2,415 (25.2) |
2,164 (20.9) |
3,979 (14.6) |
2,350 (21.8) |
| Other diuretics |
15,861 (40.4) |
34,387 (39.5) |
15,971 (40.5) |
20,844 (40.5) |
8,764 (39.4) |
20,802 (40.4) |
4,172 (43.6) |
30,603 (36.9) |
4,201 (43.8) |
4,414 (42.6) |
10,821 (39.6) |
4,643 (43.1) |
| Fenofibrate |
3,312 (8.4) |
5,641 (6.5) |
3,388 (8.6) |
4,498 (8.7) |
1,675 (7.5) |
4,585 (8.9) |
1,035 (10.8) |
5,797 (7.0) |
1,062 (11.1) |
1,138 (11.0) |
2,170 (7.9) |
1,195 (11.1) |
| Any drugs may induce retinopathy or macular edema# |
7,983 (20.3) |
17,846 (20.5) |
8,030 (20.3) |
8,762 (17.0) |
3,600 (16.2) |
9,090 (17.7) |
1,741 (18.2) |
18,794 (22.7) |
1,758 (18.3) |
1,685 (16.3) |
4,448 (16.3) |
1,866 (17.3) |
| Health care utilizations |
||||||||||||
|
N of hyperglycemia diagnosis |
||||||||||||
| 0 |
20,302 (51.7) |
51,432 (59.1) |
20,248 (51.3) |
25,128 (48.9) |
11,653 (52.4) |
25,234 (49.0) |
4,270 (44.7) |
31,322 (37.8) |
4,258 (44.4) |
3,947 (38.1) |
13,788 (50.4) |
3,958 (36.8) |
| 1 |
5,249 (13.4) |
11,714 (13.5) |
5,271 (13.4) |
7,029 (13.7) |
2,902 (13.1) |
7,035 (13.7) |
1,312 (13.7) |
12,410 (15.0) |
1,311 (13.7) |
1,283 (12.4) |
3,548 (13.0) |
1,330 (12.4) |
| 2 |
3,106 (7.9) |
6,149 (7.1) |
3,133 (7.9) |
4,231 (8.2) |
1,711 (7.7) |
4,157 (8.1) |
833 (8.7) |
7,993 (9.6) |
843 (8.8) |
898 (8.7) |
2,163 (7.9) |
889 (8.3) |
| ≥3 |
10,635 (27.1) |
17,778 (20.4) |
10,830 (27.4) |
15,022 (29.2) |
5,965 (26.8) |
15,025 (29.2) |
3,146 (32.9) |
31,124 (37.6) |
3,182 (33.2) |
4,227 (40.8) |
7,846 (28.7) |
4,591 (42.6) |
|
N of hospitalizations due to diabetes |
||||||||||||
| 0 |
38,627 (98.3) |
85,759 (98.5) |
38,810 (98.3) |
50,730 (98.7) |
21,991 (98.9) |
50,850 (98.8) |
9,521 (99.6) |
78,850 (95.2) |
9,554 (99.6) |
10,270 (99.2) |
27,037 (98.9) |
10,692 (99.3) |
| 1 |
592 (1.5) |
1,177 (1.4) |
595 (1.5) |
613 (1.2) |
221 (1.0) |
530 (1.0) |
39 (0.4) |
3,660 (4.4) |
40 (0.4) |
76 (0.7) |
282 (1.0) |
71 (0.7) |
| ≥2 |
73 (0.2) |
137 (0.2) |
77 (0.2) |
67 (0.1) |
19 (0.1) |
71 (0.1) |
NTSR |
339 (0.4) |
NTSR |
NTSR |
26 (0.1) |
NTSR |
|
N of ED visits due to diabetes |
||||||||||||
| 0 |
37,929 (96.5) |
84,164 (96.7) |
38,104 (96.5) |
49,715 (96.7) |
21,506 (96.7) |
49,804 (96.8) |
9,393 (98.2) |
75,432 (91.0) |
9,426 (98.2) |
10,071 (97.3) |
26,434 (96.7) |
10,467 (97.2) |
| 1 |
1,072 (2.7) |
2,417 (2.8) |
1,084 (2.7) |
1,388 (2.7) |
610 (2.7) |
1,351 (2.6) |
151 (1.6) |
6,111 (7.4) |
152 (1.6) |
245 (2.4) |
756 (2.8) |
253 (2.4) |
| ≥2 |
291 (0.7) |
492 (0.6) |
293 (0.7) |
307 (0.6) |
115 (0.5) |
295 (0.6) |
17 (0.2) |
1,306 (1.6) |
17 (0.2) |
39 (0.4) |
155 (0.6) |
48 (0.4) |
| N of physician encounters |
||||||||||||
| 0 |
863 (2.2) |
2,813 (3.2) |
853 (2.2) |
935 (1.8) |
553 (2.5) |
853 (1.7) |
76 (0.8) |
4,173 (5.0) |
75 (0.8) |
95 (0.9) |
612 (2.2) |
103 (1.0) |
| 1–3 |
3,105 (7.9) |
9,546 (11.0) |
3,083 (7.8) |
4,088 (8.0) |
2,381 (10.7) |
4,030 (7.8) |
567 (5.9) |
8,828 (10.7) |
554 (5.8) |
564 (5.4) |
2,750 (10.1) |
583 (5.4) |
| 4–6 |
6,103 (15.5) |
15,914 (18.3) |
6,124 (15.5) |
9,183 (17.9) |
4,614 (20.8) |
9,197 (17.9) |
1,499 (15.7) |
12,005 (14.5) |
1,479 (15.4) |
1,585 (15.3) |
5,502 (20.1) |
1,559 (14.5) |
| ≥7 |
29,221 (74.4) |
58,800 (67.5) |
29,421 (74.5) |
37,204 (72.4) |
14,683 (66.0) |
37,370 (72.6) |
7,419 (77.6) |
57,843 (69.8) |
7,486 (78.0) |
8,111 (78.3) |
18,481 (67.6) |
8,523 (79.2) |
| N of ED visit (any reason) |
||||||||||||
| 0 |
23,382 (59.5) |
49,093 (56.4) |
23,475 (59.5) |
34,385 (66.9) |
15,311 (68.9) |
34,616 (67.3) |
6,808 (71.2) |
35,073 (42.3) |
6,859 (71.5) |
7,348 (71.0) |
18,947 (69.3) |
7,581 (70.4) |
| 1 |
7,396 (18.8) |
17,173 (19.7) |
7,454 (18.9) |
9,376 (18.2) |
3,908 (17.6) |
9,308 (18.1) |
1,561 (16.3) |
17,823 (21.5) |
1,554 (16.2) |
1,768 (17.1) |
4,728 (17.3) |
1,918 (17.8) |
| ≥2 |
8,514 (21.7) |
20,807 (23.9) |
8,553 (21.7) |
7,649 (14.9) |
3,012 (13.5) |
7,526 (14.6) |
1,192 (12.5) |
29,953 (36.2) |
1,181 (12.3) |
1,239 (12.0) |
3,670 (13.4) |
1,269 (11.8) |
| Flu vaccine |
24,181 (61.5) |
51,775 (59.5) |
24,306 (61.6) |
31,935 (62.1) |
12,989 (58.4) |
32,402 (63.0) |
6,193 (64.8) |
47,641 (57.5) |
6,217 (64.8) |
6,683 (64.5) |
16,084 (58.8) |
7,014 (65.1) |
| Low-income subsidy |
16,130 (41.1) |
31,169 (35.8) |
16,117 (40.8) |
18,562 (36.1) |
8,598 (38.7) |
17,360 (33.7) |
2,572 (26.9) |
36,133 (43.6) |
2,578 (26.9) |
2,803 (27.1) |
10,864 (39.7) |
2,792 (25.9) |
| Laboratory results** |
||||||||||||
| HbA1c available†† |
3,025 (7.7) |
6,126 (7.0) |
4,553 (8.9) |
1,643 (7.4) |
1,129 (11.8) |
6,654 (8.0) |
1,386 (13.4) |
2,055 (7.5) |
||||
| <7% (53 mmol/mol) |
1,228 (40.6) |
2,530 (41.3) |
1,381 (30.3) |
542 (33.0) |
342 (30.3) |
1,711 (25.7) |
329 (23.7) |
637 (31.0) |
||||
| 7–9% (53–75 mmol/mol) |
1,220 (40.3) |
2,474 (40.4) |
2,281 (50.1) |
779 (47.4) |
566 (50.1) |
3,033 (45.6) |
692 (49.9) |
1,012 (49.2) |
||||
| >9% (75 mmol/mol) |
577 (19.1) |
1,122 (18.3) |
891 (19.6) |
322 (19.6) |
221 (19.6) |
1,910 (28.7) |
365 (26.3) |
406 (19.8) |
||||
| SBP available†† |
1,621 (4.1) |
3,895 (4.5) |
2,364 (4.6) |
1,196 (5.4) |
575 (6.0) |
3,988 (4.8) |
553 (5.3) |
1,428 (5.2) |
||||
| <130 mmHg |
662 (40.8) |
1,467 (37.7) |
890 (37.6) |
395 (33.0) |
221 (38.4) |
1,541 (38.6) |
203 (36.7) |
473 (33.1) |
||||
| 130–139 mmHg |
479 (29.5) |
1,172 (30.1) |
722 (30.5) |
369 (30.9) |
196 (34.1) |
1,156 (29.0) |
180 (32.5) |
444 (31.1) |
||||
| ≥140 mmHg |
480 (29.6) |
1,256 (32.2) |
752 (31.8) |
432 (36.1) |
158 (27.5) |
1,291 (32.4) |
170 (30.7) |
511 (35.8) |
||||
| DBP available†† |
1,596 (4.1) |
3,849 (4.4) |
2,339 (4.5) |
1,172 (5.3) |
559 (5.8) |
3,921 (4.7) |
546 (5.3) |
1,397 (5.1) |
||||
| <80 mmHg |
1,018 (63.8) |
2,417 (62.8) |
1,410 (60.3) |
718 (61.3) |
349 (62.4) |
2,544 (64.9) |
343 (62.8) |
853 (61.1) |
||||
| 80–89 mmHg |
473 (29.6) |
1,212 (31.5) |
777 (33.2) |
376 (32.1) |
187 (33.5) |
1,141 (29.1) |
181 (33.2) |
453 (32.4) |
||||
| ≥90 mmHg |
105 (6.6) |
220 (5.7) |
152 (6.5) |
78 (6.7) |
23 (4.1) |
236 (6.0) |
22 (4.0) |
91 (6.5) |
||||
| LDL cholesterol available†† |
2,405 (6.1) |
5,176 (5.9) |
3,647 (7.1) |
1,443 (6.5) |
915 (9.6) |
5,454 (6.6) |
1,075 (10.4) |
1,787 (6.55) |
||||
| <100 mg/dL |
1,818 (75.6) |
3,883 (75.0) |
2,762 (75.7) |
1,085 (75.2) |
717 (78.4) |
4,254 (78.0) |
848 (78.9) |
1,347 (75.4) |
||||
| 100–129 mg/dL |
385 (16.0) |
791 (15.3) |
571 (15.7) |
231 (16.0) |
132 (14.4) |
743 (13.6) |
154 (14.3) |
283 (15.8) |
||||
| ≥130 mg/dL | 202 (8.4) | 502 (9.7) | 314 (8.6) | 127 (8.8) | 66 (7.2) | 457 (8.4) | 73 (6.8) | 157 (8.8) | ||||
Data are n (%) unless otherwise stated. DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ED, emergency department; NA, not applicable; NTSR, numbers too small (<11) to report based on Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services rules and data use agreement; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
*The comparisons were defined by use of IBT and PS-weighted comparator. Covariates were measured in the 12 months before cohort entry including the index date (100% of new users have the treatment at baseline). Initiation defined as having no prescriptions of either drug class during the 12 months prior to initiation.
†The size of the population for a specific drug differed across cohorts because of the requirement not to have been treated prior to index date with the comparator drug class (Supplementary Fig. 1).
‡Weighted by standardizing to their distribution in IBT initiators by using weights of 1 for IBT initiators and the odds of the estimated PS for comparator initiators.
§Other eye diseases included disorders of globe (ICD-9-CM 360), chorioretinal inflammation (ICD-9-CM 363), disorder of the iris or ciliary body (ICD-9-CM 364), visual disturbance (ICD-9-CM 368), keratitis (ICD-9-CM 370), corneal disorders (ICD-9-CM 371), disorders of the conjunctiva (ICD-9-CM 372), inflammation of eyelid (ICD-9-CM 373), other disorders of eyelid (ICD-9-CM 374), disorder of lacrimal system (ICD-9-CM 375), disorder of orbit (ICD-9-CM 376), optic nerve disorder (ICD-9-CM 377), strabismus (ICD-9-CM 378), and other disorders of eye (ICD-9-CM 379).
‖Patients with congestive heart failure at baseline were excluded for GLP1RA vs. TZD and DPP4i vs. TZD comparisons, and patients were required not to have been treated prior to index date with the comparator drug class.
¶Diabetic nephropathy codes (250.40–250.43) were not included to identify chronic kidney disease (ICD-9-CM codes 016.0, 095.4, 189.0, 189.9, 223.0, 236.91, 271.4, 274.1, 283.11, 403, 404, 440.1, 442.1, 572.4, 581–588, 591, 753.12–753.19, 753.2, and 794.4).
#Drugs that may induce DR or macular edema included tamoxifen, quinine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, mefloquine, digoxin, ethambutol, peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfa-n3, interferon alfacon-1, interferon beta-1a, interferon alfa-1b, isocarboxazid, sildenafil, isotretinoin, vigabatrin, fingolimod, doxetaxel, niacin, and latanoprost (ophthalmic).
**Based on the measure closest to index date. Covariates distribution level were not weighted because they are well balanced in the crude comparison (except in GLP1RA vs. LAI comparison) and data are available for only a small portion of the population.
††The percentages for patients with clinical measures levels were based on the sample size of cohort, whereas for each level of clinical measures, the denominator for the percentage is the total number patients with HbA1c available. The clinical measures were not included in PS model due to missing data. We imputed for these missing clinical measures and the analyzed data in sensitivity analysis, and the distributions of imputed clinical measures are shown in Supplementary Tables 3 and 4.