Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the incident U.S. ESRD patient cohort by race/ethnicity, before (1/1/2005–12/03/2014) and after (12/04/2014–12/31/2015) the Kidney Allocation System (KAS) policy change
| Characteristics at the time of ESRD start | Pre-KAS N=1,120,655 (89.4%) |
Post-KAS N=132,445 (10.6%) |
P-value for KAS difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age group, N (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 18–39 | 84,411(7.5) | 9,609(7.3) | |
| 40–49 | 119,888(10.7) | 13,718(10.4) | |
| 50–59 | 222,520(19.9) | 26,147(19.7) | |
| 60–69 | 278,676(24.9) | 36,033(27.2) | |
| >=70 | 415,160(37.0) | 46,938(35.4) | |
| Male, N (%) | 635,986(56.8) | 77,040(58.2) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | ||
| White, non-Hispanic | 585223 (52.1) | 67,518 (51.0%) | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 297067 (26.5) | 33171 (25.1) | |
| Hispanic | 153,690(13.7) | 18123(13.7) | |
| Asian | 47033 (4.2) | 6352(4.8) | |
| Other | 37642 (3.4) | 7281(5.5) | |
| Assigned ESRD cause, N (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Diabetes | 495,202(44.2) | 60,335(45.6) | |
| Hypertension | 317,187(28.3) | 37,382(28.2) | |
| Glomerulonephritis | 91,403(8.2) | 9,643(7.3) | |
| Other | 216,863(19.4) | 25,085(18.9) | |
| BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2, N (%) | 206,082(18.4) | 26,141(19.7) | <0.001 |
| History of comorbid conditions | |||
| Congestive heart failure, N (%) | 345,193(31.5) | 36,170(28.6) | <0.001 |
| Atherosclerotic heart disease, N (%) | 206,146(18.8) | 17,556(13.9) | <0.001 |
| Other cardiac disease, N (%) | 185,101(16.9) | 25,088(19.8) | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N (%) | 101,289(9.2) | 11,610(9.2) | 0.37 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, N (%) | 143,726(13.1) | 13,000(10.3) | <0.001 |
| Smoker, N (%) | 68,018(6.2) | 7,606(6.0) | 0.005 |
| Diabetes, N (%) | 584,247(53.3) | 73,594(58.1) | <0.001 |
| Cancer, N (%) | 80,555(7.4) | 8,817(7.0) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 937,681(85.6) | 110,762(87.5) | <0.001 |
| Patient informed of kidney transplant option, N (%) | 792,946(76.4) | 107,389(86.4) | <0.001 |
| Socioeconomic Status Indicators | |||
| Insurance, N (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Medicaid | 410,724(37.5) | 56,071(44.3) | |
| Medicare | 277,876(25.4) | 32,966(26.0) | |
| Employer | 251,765(23.0) | 23,839(18.8) | |
| Other | 76,133(7.0) | 8,419(6.7) | |
| No insurance | 78,693(7.2) | 5,271(4.2) | |
| Pre-ESRD nephrology care, N (%) | 620,617(67.1) | 79,870(73.5) | <0.001 |
| Patient Neighborhood (ZIP Code) poverty category, N (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 0–4% | 155,239(14.1) | 18,456(14.2) | |
| 5%–9% | 262,215(23.8) | 31,265(24.0) | |
| 10%–14% | 223,042(20.2) | 26,723(20.5) | |
| 15%–19% | 174,329(15.8) | 20,832(16.0) | |
| >=20% | 286,800(26.0) | 33,067(25.4) |
Abbreviations: ESRD, End stage renal disease; KAS, kidney allocation system; BMI, body mass index
Note: The proportion of missing values for variables are as follows: pre-ESRD nephrology care (17.6%); informed of kidney transplant option (7.3%); atherosclerotic heart disease (2.48%); congestive heart failure (2.49%); other cardiac disease (2.49%); hypertension (2.49%); diabetes (2.48%); smoking (2.49%); cancer (2.49); insurance (2.5%); patient neighborhood poverty category (1.68%);. Observations with missing values were excluded from the descriptive statistics for each variable. Missing values were imputed using the median of each variable in multivariable models.