Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants at baseline, by categories of medication and healthy lifestyle.
| Medication category | P | Healthy lifestyle category | P | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–1 | 2–4 | ≥5 | Unfavorable | Intermediate | Favorable | |||
| n | 1295 | 1787 | 843 | 665 | 2308 | 952 | ||
| Women, % | 48.8 | 58.6 | 63.6 | <0.001 | 57.9 | 57.4 | 53.0 | 0.028 |
| Age, years | 70.7 ± 8.0 | 72.0 ± 7.8 | 73.6 ± 7.9 | <0.001 | 75.4 ± 8.5 | 71.7 ± 7.8 | 69.9 ± 7.0 | <0.001 |
| Educational attainment, % | ||||||||
| No education | 48.0 | 51.1 | 59.8 | 64.6 | 52.6 | 41.6 | ||
| Primary | 36.1 | 36.8 | 29.9 | 26.1 | 34.7 | 42.2 | ||
| Secondary or higher | 15.9 | 12.1 | 10.3 | <0.001 | 9.4 | 12.7 | 16.2 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.3 ± 4.1 | 29.0 ± 4.5 | 29.6 ± 4.8 | <0.001 | 28.9 ± 5.3 | 28.9 ± 4.4 | 28.7 ± 4.0 | 0.265 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 97.3 ± 11.2 | 98.8 ± 12.1 | 100.8 ± 12.5 | <0.001 | 99.8 ± 13.9 | 98.5 ± 11.6 | 98.6 ± 11.5 | 0.067 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 142.3 ± 18.5 | 144.1 ± 18.8 | 142.6 ± 21.0 | 0.465 | 144.7 ± 21.0 | 143.3 ± 19.0 | 141.8 ± 18.4 | 0.003 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, % | 17.8 | 25.6 | 32.6 | <0.001 | 19.4 | 25.0 | 27.1 | 0.001 |
| MMSE, score | 25.8 ± 4.3 | 25.5 ± 4.5 | 24.9 ± 4.5 | <0.001 | 23.6 ± 5.4 | 25.5 ± 4.4 | 26.6 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| Agility limitations, % | 42.5 | 60.5 | 79.8 | <0.001 | 76.9 | 59.3 | 44.5 | <0.001 |
| Mobility limitations, % | 34.7 | 52.2 | 73.9 | <0.001 | 75.7 | 50.9 | 34.2 | <0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease, % | 7.0 | 14.5 | 25.4 | <0.001 | 19.5 | 15.0 | 9.1 | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease*, % | 2.1 | 7.6 | 21.1 | <0.001 | 13.7 | 8.3 | 6.1 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 4.9 | 15.7 | 30.4 | <0.001 | 19.1 | 14.5 | 14.7 | 0.065 |
| Cancer, % | 1.3 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 0.058 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 0.744 |
| Depression, % | 3.4 | 10.7 | 20.1 | <0.001 | 15.3 | 10.4 | 6.7 | <0.001 |
Values are means ± SD or %. MMSE: Mini-Mental State examination.