Table 3.

All-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk according to healthy lifestyle in older adults stratified by medication category in older adults.

	n	All-cause mortality HR (95%CI)			CVD mortality HR (95%CI)
		Cases	Model 1	Model 2	Cases	Model 1	Model 2
With 0–1 medications
Unfavorable lifestyle	147	93	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	43	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Intermediate lifestyle	794	267	0.63 (0.45–0.89)	0.63 (0.45–0.88)	72	0.41 (0.25–0.67)	0.42 (0.26–0.70)
Favorable lifestyle	354	92	0.55 (0.37–0.80)	0.56 (0.38–0.83)	22	0.34 (0.18–0.63)	0.39 (0.20–0.74)
P for trend			0.002	0.005		<0.001	0.001
Per 1-healthy lifestyle increase			0.85 (0.76–0.94)	0.85 (0.76–0.95)		0.71 (0.59–0.86)	0.73 (0.60–0.89)
With 2–4 medications
Unfavorable lifestyle	304	207	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	81	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Intermediate lifestyle	1031	478	0.59 (0.49–0.71)	0.62 (0.51–0.75)	175	0.57 (0.39–0.82)	0.57 (0.40–0.83)
Favorable lifestyle	452	157	0.43 (0.34–0.54)	0.45 (0.35–0.58)	60	0.46 (0.29–0.74)	0.47 (0.30–0.75)
P for trend			<0.001	<0.001		<0.001	<0.001
Per 1-healthy lifestyle increase			0.78 (0.73–0.83)	0.79 (0.74–0.85)		0.77 (0.68–0.86)	0.78 (0.69–0.88)
With ≥5 medications
Unfavorable lifestyle	214	159	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	71	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Intermediate lifestyle	483	282	0.52 (0.41–0.64)	0.53 (0.42–0.66)	127	0.57 (0.41–0.80)	0.63 (0.44–0.91)
Favorable lifestyle	146	77	0.46 (0.35–0.61)	0.46 (0.34–0.63)	24	0.36 (0.22–0.57)	0.40 (0.24–0.67)
P for trend			<0.001	<0.001		<0.001	0.002
Per 1-healthy lifestyle increase			0.80 (0.74–0.87)	0.80 (0.74–0.87)		0.78 (0.69–0.88)	0.81 (0.70–0.92)

Model 1 adjusted for sex and age.

Model 2 adjusted as in model 1 and for educational attainment, body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, Mini-Mental State Examination, agility limitations, mobility limitations, chronic lung disease, CVD, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and depression.