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. 2018 Aug 22;8:12612. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31087-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental design and biomarkers of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). (A) Mice within the NEC group were subjected to Neocate/lipopolysaccaride gavage feeding followed by hypoxia at 5% for 10 min twice daily for five days. The induction was started on day four postpartum (p.p.). All animals were euthanized on day 10 p.p. at the latest. (B) Cell-free (cfDNA) is a surrogate marker of NETosis. It significantly increased with time and compared to controls. Protein arginine deiminase (PAD) inhibition (blue) resulted in significantly lower levels of cfDNA in comparison to untreated animals. (C) DNase showed a near linear significant increase with time. Animals with NEC had significantly higher levels than controls and PAD inhibited mice (blue). Data shown as Mean ± SD. Statistics: Mann-Whitney test and ANOVA.