TABLE 1.
Some reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and components of antioxidative defense
| Category | Substance |
|---|---|
| Reactive oxygen species | Hydroxyl ion (OH−) |
| Hydroxyl radical (·OH) | |
| Peroxide (·O22−) | |
| Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) | |
| Superoxide anion (·O2−) | |
| Singlet oxygen (1O2) | |
| Reactive nitrogen species | Nitric oxide (NO) |
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | |
| Peroxynitrite (ONOO−) | |
| Nitrosoperoxycarbonate (ONOOCO2−) | |
| Antioxidative defense | Nitric oxide (NO) |
| Glutathione transferase (GST) | |
| Glutathione peroxidase (GTPx) | |
| Catalase (CAT) | |
| Superoxide dismutase (SOD) | |
| Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor (Nrf2) | |
| Beta-carotene | |
| Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) | |
| Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) | |
| Selenium | |
| Zinc |