Adjuvanticity in a combination of Rv21 P. vivax CSP VLP with adenovirus and modified vaccinia Ankara viral vectors expressing P. vivax TRAP (vvTRAP). Inbred BALB/c mice (n = 6 per group) were vaccinated with combinations of CSP and vvTRAP as described in Table 1. Kinetics analysis of anti-CSP antibodies, measured by ELISA at the indicated time points, was determined with or without coadministration of vvTRAP. (A) Effect of the coadministration of Rv21 (PvCSP) with vvTRAP without addition of adjuvants. (B) Effect of AddaVax on anti-PvCSP antibodies induced by Rv21 alone or by Rv21+vvTRAP. (C) Effect of Matrix-M on anti-PvCSP antibodies induced by Rv21 alone or by Rv21+vvTRAP. (D) IgG2a/IgG1 ratios in BALB/c mice using Rv21 with or without vvTRAP and adjuvants. (E) Effect of Rv21, AddaVax, and Matrix-M on ex vivo IFN-γ responses against PvTRAP in mice. t tests were used for statistical analyses. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001.