Table 1.

Investigation strategies of genetic structure of macrofungi in mutualistic relationships with animals.

References	Species of macrofungi	Associated animal	Sampling site	Sampling time	Identification method(s)	Sample types	Population (sample) size	Makers/methods	Main result(s)
Nobre et al. 2011b	Termitomyces sp.	Macrotermes bellicosus	Pendjari National Park	–	Morphology of termites	Fungus combs or gut	24	ITS, EF1a, RPB2	Rare events of recombination
		Macrotermes subhyalinus	Pendjari National Park				9	ITS, EF1a, RPB2	Free recombination
De Fine Licht et al. 2006		Macrotermes natalensis	South Africa	2003.01 and 2004.01–03	Morphology of termites	Fungus combs	31	ITS, RPB2, RPB1, EF1a	Free recombination
Unpublished data		–	Yunnan China	2010.08 and 2013.08	Morphology and ITS	Fruiting bodies	18 (229)	RPB2, TEF, 12S, LACC	Free recombination
Vasiliauskas et al. 1998	A. areolatum	Sirex juvencus	Lithuania, Sweden, Denmark and Great Britain	–	Morphology	Wood or fruit bodies or glands of woodwasps	53	M13 mini satellite and somatic compatibility	Dispersing clonally
	A. chailletii	Urocerus gigas					57		Spreading by basidiospores
Margrete Thomsen and Koch 1999	A. areolatum	Sirex juvencus	Denmark (more than 100 km)	1992–1995	Morphology	Basidiocarps, wood isolations, woodwasps	31	Somatic compatibility	High degree of somatic compatibility between isolates
	A. chailletii	Urocerus gigas					69		Rare Somatic compatibility between isolates
Liang et al. 2008	O. sinensis	Ghost moths	Qinghai, Tibet, Yunnan, and Sichuan province of China	–	Morphology	Fruiting bodies	18(180)	ISSR (9)	Little gene exchange, latitudinal genetic differentiation
Zhang et al. 2009	O. sinensis	Ghost moths	Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan and Yunnan	During 2005 and 2008	Morphology	Fruiting bodies	11(56)	ITS, MAT1-2-1	Greater genetic diversification among southern isolates
			Province in China
Quan et al. 2014	O. sinensis	Ghost moths	Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan provinces	–	Morphology	Complex of O. sinensis stromata and host cadavers	33	ITS, β-tubulin	Similar phylogenetic relationships and genetic structure
	Hepialidae caterpillars	–						COI, COII, Cytb
Wang et al. 2008	C. militaris	–	Guangdong, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin in China and Seoul in Korea	–	Morphology	Fruiting bodies and fresh mycelia	(13)	ITS, RAPD	Extremely small genetic variation
Wen et al. 2012	C. militaris	–	Sichuan province of China	–	Morphology	Fresh mediums	24	RAPD, MAT	Genetic variation of different monoconidial isolates
Rubini et al. 2005	T. magnatum	–	Italy, Croatia and Slovenia	–	Morphology	Ascomata	26 (316)	SSR	Positive correlation between genetic and geographical Distances
Bertault et al. 1998	T. melanosporum	–	France and Italy	–	Morphology	Ascocarps	12 (208)	RAPD	Low level of polymorphism
Murat et al. 2004	T. melanosporum	–	France, northern Italy and north-eastern Spain	1998.12–2003.02	Morphology	Fruit bodies	17 (188)	RAPD, ITS, SCAR	Significant genetic differentiation between regional populations
Riccioni et al. 2008	T. melanosporum	–	Italy, France, Spain	2000–2006	Morphology	Ascocarps, hyphal fragments	13 (210)	SSR, ITS, AFLP	Geographic differentiation among populations
García-Cunchillos et al. 2014	T. melanosporum	–	Iberian Peninsula	–	Morphology	Ascocarps	23 (190)	SSR	High levels of genetic diversity
Wang et al. 2006a	T. indicum complex	–	Huidong, Kunming Gongshan, Miyi, Panzhihua, Huili	2003, 2004 and 2005	Morphology and ITS	Ascocarps	6 (30)	ITS	Genetic differentiation among regional populations
							5 (26)	β-tubulin
Murat et al. 2013	T. melanosporum	–	Montemartano and Rollainville	2010–2011	Morphology and ITS	Soil, ascocarps and ectomycorrhizal roots	10	MAT, SSR	spatial genetic structure

Note: RAPD, random amplified polymorphic DNA.